2018考研英语阅读模拟题

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2018考研英语阅读模拟题

　　引导语：为了帮助大家更好地准备考研英语，以下是百分网小编为大家整理的2018考研英语阅读模拟题，欢迎阅读!

2018考研英语阅读模拟题

　　阅读一

　　With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it.

　　And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.

　　It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years - yet the BBC's future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organisation, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.

　　The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC - including ordinary listeners and viewers - to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC's royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organisation as it is, or to make changes.

　　Defenders of the Corporation - of whom there are many - are fond of quoting the American slogan. If it ain't broke, don't fix it. The BBC ain't broke, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?

　　Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels - ITV and Channel 4 - were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels - funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions - which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

　　55. The world famous BBC now faces ________.

　　(A) the problem of new coverage　　(B) an uncertain prospect

　　56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?

　　(A) Extension of its TV service to Far East.

　　(B) Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.

　　(D) Its existence as a broadcasting organisation.

　　57. The BBC's royal charter (line 4, paragraph 4) stands for ________.

　　(A) the financial support from the royal family

　　(B) the privileges granted by the Queen

　　(D) a unique relationship with the royal family

　　58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.

　　(A) the emergence of commercial TV channels

　　(B) the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government

　　(D) the challenge of new satellite channels

　　阅读二

　　In the last half of the nineteenth century capital and labor were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.

　　The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and East Bourne sprang up to house large comfortable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand Shareholding meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.

　　The shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.

　　59. It's true of the old family firms that ________.

　　(A)they were spoiled by the younger generations

　　(B)they failed for lack of individual initiative

　　(C)they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies

　　(D)they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers

　　60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.

　　(A)the separation of capital from management

　　(B)the ownership of capital by managers

　　(C)the emergence of capital and labour as two classes

　　(D)the participation of shareholders in municipal business

　　61. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that ________.

　　(A)the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers

　　(B)the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers

　　(C)the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly

　　(D)the trade unions seemed to play a positive role

　　62. The author is most critical of ________.

　　(A)family firm owners　　(B)landowners

　　(C)managers　　　　　　(D)shareholders

　　阅读三

　　Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. Scientific creationism, which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard scientific creationism as bad science and bad religion.

　　The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

　　Kitcher is philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: This book stands for reason itself. And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

　　67. Creationism in the passage refers to ________.

　　(A)evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe

　　(B)a notion of the creation of religion

　　(C)the scientific explanation of the earth formation

　　(D)the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe

　　68. Kitcher's book is intended to ________.

　　(A)recommend the views of the evolutionists

　　(B)expose the true features of creationists

　　(C)curse bitterly at this opponents

　　(D)launch a surprise attack on creationists

　　69. From the passage we can infer that ________.

　　(A)reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate

　　(B)creationists do not base their argument on reasoning

　　(C)evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists

　　(D)creationism is supported by scientific findings

　　70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.

　　(A)a book review

　　(B)a scientific paper

　　(C)a magazine feature

　　(D)a newspaper editorial

　　阅读四

　　Personality is to a large extent inherent-A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

　　One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: Rejoice, we conquer!

　　By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

　　Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.

　　If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.

　　63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.

　　(A)impatient　　(B)considerate　　(C)aggressive　　(D)agreeable

　　64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.

　　(A)the pressure is too great on the students

　　(B)some students are bound to fail

　　(C)failure rates are too high

　　(D)the results of examinations are doubtful

　　65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.

　　(A)candidates' sensitivity　　(B)academic achievements

　　(C)competitive spirit 　　(D)surer values

　　66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.

　　(A)the personality of a child is well established at birth

　　(B)family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics

　　(C)the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors

　　(D)B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive society

　　阅读五

　　A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

　　For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.

　　The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.

　　Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing. Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

　　As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word friend, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.

　　55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.

　　(A)rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

　　(B)small-minded officials deserve a serious comment

　　(C)Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors

　　(D)most Americans are ready to offer help

　　56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.

　　(A)culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship

　　(B)courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated

　　(C)various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends

　　(D)social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions

　　57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.

　　(A)to improve their hard life

　　(B)in view of their long-distance travel

　　(C)to add some flavor to their own daily life

　　(D)out of a charitable impulse

　　58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.

　　(A)tends to be superficial and artificial

　　(B)is generally well kept up in the United States

　　(C)is always understood properly

　　(D)has something to do with the busy tourist trails

　　答案及分析

　　阅读一

　　55. (B)

　　意为：前景不定。

　　第三段指出，英国广播公司(BBC)已有70多年的光辉历程，然而，目前其前景不明(in doubt)。虽然(至少就目前而言)作为一个公办广播机构，广播公司将继续存在下去，但是，其作用、规模、节目成为目前英国举国上下争论的话题。第四段指出，这场争论是由政府发起的。政府要求普通听众和观众评论广播公司的优缺点-甚至于值不值得把它办下去(was worth keeping)。最后一段指出，广播公司也的确面临着新的挑战，它只有改变自己才能适应新的形势。

　　A意为：新闻报道(的范围)问题。

　　C意为：公众的质询。公众并未主动对广播公司的发展前景及状况评头论足，而是政府要求他们这样做的。

　　D意为：观(听)众的减少。

　　56. (C)

　　意为：进一步进行国际合作的潜力。

　　最后一段指出，由于广播领域(broadcasting world)正在发生变化，英国广播公司也应改变自己，以适应新形势。撤切尔政府制定的广播法要求电视频道进一步商业化、搞广告竞争并削减开支与劳务。新电视频道的开播将带来长远的巨变。可见，这里并未提到国际合作问题。

　　A意为：将电视广播扩展到远东地区。第一段指出，随着英国广播公司国际电视节目的开播，数百万亚洲和美洲人不仅可以听到它的广播，还可以观看到它的电视新闻报道(news coverage)。文章最后一段还提到了卫星频道将会给广播公司带来最大的变化。

　　B意为：电视节目成为举国上下谈论的话题。

　　D意为：它作为广播机构的存在。

　　另请参阅第55题题解。

　　57. (C) 可直译为：与女王签的契约。

　　众所周知，英国是君主立宪国家，国王代表国家。因此，与女王签约就等于说该公司是国家办的广播公司(a publicly-funded broadcasting station)，而不是私营的。charter意为：契约，特许证。原句可译为：质询的原因是：广播公司的皇家契约1996年将要到期，因此必须决定广播公司是保持原样还是要改革。

　　A意为：皇族的财政支持。皇族指国王的家庭，与国家是两码事。

　　B意为：女王准予的一系列特权。

　　D意为：与皇族的特殊关系。

　　58. (D)

　　意为：新电视频道的挑战。

　　该题提问部分意为：英国广播公司不得不自行调整的最主要原因恰恰是……。文章最后一句指出：从长远的观点来看，新电视频道的开播将无疑会带来最大的变化(注意：本句是强调句)。另请参阅第56题题解。

　　A意为：商业性电视频道的出现。

　　B意为：政府广播法的实施。

　　C意为：降低成本和劳务的紧迫性。

　　(A)、(B)、(C)虽然都提到了，但都不是作为主要原因而提的。

　　翻译句子

　　1、The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewers-to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

　　[参考译文] 这场争论是由政府发起的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人-包括普通的听众和观众-来说说这个好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。

　　[结构剖析] 这个句子的主干结构是 The debate was launched by the Government，使用了被动语态。后面 which 引导定语从句 which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC…修饰 government，定语从句中不定式 to say 后面是两个并列的宾语从句，一个由 what 引导，一个由 whether 引导，两部分用 and 连接，副词 even 表示进一步强调。另外两个破折号之间的部分属于插入成分，是用来进一步定义 anyone 的。anyone 后面的 with 介词词组也是用来修饰 anyone 的。

　　[阅读重点] 重点是要弄清楚后面定语从句，两个宾语从句，还有插入成分之间的层次关系。另外要注意 be worth doing 的用法，这一结构本身就可以表达被动含义，因而 the Corporation was worth keeping 就是英国广播公司值得被保留的意思。

　　2、But it is the arrival of new satellite channels-funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions-which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

　　[参考译文] 但是新的卫星频道的到来—它的资金一部分来自于广告，一部分来自于观众的收视费—将从长远意义上导致最巨大的变化。

　　[结构剖析] 首先这个句子使用了强调结构 it is…which，which 指代前面的 channels。破折号中间部分的插入成分相当于定语，(which are) funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions 修饰 channels，其中 and 连接两个 partly by。

　　[阅读重点] 注意 bring about 在句中的含义是引起、导致、产生。

　　难句解析

　　1、They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.

　　[参考译文] 每户每年支付83英镑的的收视费用就可以收看体育运动、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻与时事、教育、宗教、关于议会的报道、儿童节目和电影。

　　[结构剖析] 句子的主干结构是 They are brought…for an annual license fee…，其中谓语部分使用了被动语态。实际结构是 bring 后接双宾语 bring sb. sth.，在这句话中，直接宾语很长，是一系列名词的罗列，前面的名词用逗号连接，最后两个并列成分用 and 连接。

　　[阅读重点] 重点要注意 they 指代前面提到的 listeners and viewers，这里使用了 bring sb. sth. 这一结构的被动式 sb. was brought sth.。介词 for 在这里相当于 at the price of。另外 news and current affairs 中的 and 是连接 news 和 current affairs 的，而这个词组作为一个整体与其它的名词 music、education 等并列。

　　2、The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.

　　[参考译文] 英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。

　　[结构剖析] 句子的结构是 but 连接了两个转折关系的句子。其中 at least for the time being 前后用逗号与句子其它部分分开，是插入语。前一句子的主干结构是 The Corporation will survive as…，后一句子的主干结构是 its role, its size and its programs are now the subject…。

　　[阅读重点] The Corporation 指代前面提到的 BBC=British Broadcast Corporation。另外注意 as 的用法，这里它用作介词，是作为……的意思。publicly-funded 由公众提供资金的;nation-wide 全国范围内的。

　　3、The BBC ain't broke, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?

　　[参考译文] 他们说英国广播公司没有破产(broke)，他们的意思是说它没有垮掉 (broken 和单词 broke 是有区别的，broke 的意思是没有钱)，那为什么要自找麻烦去改变它呢?

　　[结构剖析] 这句话是 so 连接的两个因果关系的句子。they say 是插入语。which 引导定语从句修饰前面引号中的部分 ain't broke。

　　[阅读重点] 注意 which 指代的是前面引号中的部分;而且注意区别 broke 和 broken 在这里的不同意思。why do sth. 这里是个反问句，是不太正式的用法。注意在此处，作者修正了前面美国俚语 ain't broke 中 broke 一词的用法错误，指出其应该被写为 broken。

　　语言点详解

　　1. coverage 新闻报道

　　[扩充词汇] coverage n.覆盖，总括;新闻报道

　　[经典例句] He wrote a very excellent coverag on the European situation.

　　2. tune in to 收听

　　[大纲词汇] tune n.调子，曲调;和谐，协调;v.调音，调节，调整 tune in (to sth.) 调谐，收听

　　[经典例句] She usually tunes in to the news on CNN.

　　3. dozens of 很多

　　[大纲词汇] dozen n.十二个

　　[经典例句] I have dozens of things to do.

　　4. comedy 喜剧

　　[大纲词汇] comedy n.喜剧，喜剧性事件

　　[相关词汇] tragedy .悲剧，悲剧性事件

　　5. affair 形势

　　[大纲词汇] affair n.事，事情，事件

　　[扩充词汇] affairs n.事务

　　[经典例句] China will never seek hegemony in the international affairs.

　　6. parliamentary 议会的

　　[大纲词汇] parliament n. 国会，议会

　　[衍生词汇] parliamentary a. 国会的，议会的

　　[经典例句] The new parliamentary building is designed by a famous architect.

　　7. annual 每年的

　　[大纲词汇] annual a. 每年的，年度的;n. 年刊，年鉴

　　[经典例句] The financial department submitted the annual report to the board.

　　8. household 家庭

　　[大纲词汇] household n.户，家庭，全家人

　　[经典例句] How many people are there in your household?

　　9. remarkable 值得注意的

　　[大纲词汇] remarkable a.值得注意的;显著的，异常的，非凡的

　　[经典例句] He has made remarkable progress in his study.

　　10. stretch back 回溯到

　　[大纲词汇] stretch v. 拉长，伸，延; n. 一段时间，一段路程;拉长，延伸

　　[经典例句] Their conflict stretched back over 20 years.

　　11. in doubt 悬而未决

　　[大纲词汇] doubt n./v.怀疑，疑虑 no doubt 无疑，必定

　　[扩充词汇] in doubt 有疑问，悬而未决

　　[经典例句] Whether they will adopt the design is still in doubt.

　　12. broadcasting 广播

　　[大纲词汇] broadcast v./n. 广播(节目)

　　[衍生词汇] broadcasting n.广播，播音

　　[经典例句] She works for a famous broadcasting company.

　　13. for the time being 目前

　　[扩充词汇] for the time being 目前

　　[经典例句] His nephew is living with me for the time being.

　　14. subject of … 的对象

　　[大纲词汇] subject n.主题，题目;学科，科目;主语 a. (to)易遭…的，受…支配的v. (to)使遭受，使服从

　　[经典例句] The minister of defense became the subject of criticism.

　　15. nation-wide 全国的

　　[构词方法] -wide 与名次一起构成形容词，表示全…范围的

　　[联想记忆] world-wide 全世界的

　　16. debate 辩论

　　[大纲词汇] debate v./n.争论，辩论

　　[经典例句] A debate on farm price support took place in the Senate yesterday.

　　17. launch 开展

　　[大纲词汇] launch v.发射;使(船)下水;发动;开展;n.发射;下水

　　[经典例句] The environmentalists launched a campaign against pollution.

　　18. royal charter 皇家特许证

　　[大纲词汇] charter v.租车，租船;

　　[扩充词汇]charter n.特许

　　19. run out 到期，用完

　　[大纲词汇] run out of 用完，用尽，耗尽

　　[经典例句] We are running out of paper./ The paper is running out.

　　20. keep … as it is 按原样保留…

　　[经典例句] The expert suggest we keep the ancient house as it is.

　　21. be fond of 喜爱

　　[大纲词汇] fond a.(of)喜爱的，爱好的

　　[经典例句] My niece is very fond of sweets.

　　22. quote 引用

　　[大纲词汇] quote v. 引用，援引

　　[衍生词汇] quotation n.引文，引用

　　[经典例句] The judge quoted various cases in support of his opinion.

　　23. broke 破产的

　　[大纲词汇] broken a.破碎(了)的

　　[扩充词汇] broke a. 不名一文的，破产的注意：不要混淆两词的含义和用法

　　24. distinct from 与…截然不同的

　　[大纲词汇] distinct a.清楚的，明显的;(from)截然不同的 distinction n.差别，区分

　　[经典例句] His hobbies are distinct from his work.

　　25. subscription 付款收看

　　[大纲词汇] subscribe v.订阅，订购

　　[衍生词汇] subscription n.订阅，订购

　　[经典例句] I entered a subscription to Time for one year.

　　26. in the long term 从长远来看

　　[扩充词汇] in the long term 从长远来看

　　[经典例句] The policy will benefit the growth of economy in the long term.

　　27. prospect 前景

　　[大纲词汇] prospect n.景色;前景，前途;展望

　　[经典例句] We wish his a bright prospect in the future.

　　28. shrinkage 减少

　　[大纲词汇] shrink v. 起皱，收缩;退缩;畏缩

　　[衍生词汇] shrinkage n.收缩，缩水;减少，低落

　　[构词方法] -age后缀，表示动作，过程

　　[联想记忆] marriage n.婚姻 breakage n.破损

　　29. stand for 表示

　　[大纲词汇] stand for 代替，代表，意味着

　　[经典例句] BBC stand for British Broadcasting Company.

　　30. privilege 特权

　　[大纲词汇] privilege n.特权，优惠，特许;v. 给予优惠，给予特权

　　[经典例句] Education is a privilege in countries where there are still not many schools.

　　31. granted by 给予

　　[大纲词汇] grant v.同意，准予;给予，授予;n.授予物

　　[经典例句] He was finally granted an entry visa by the British Embassy.

　　32. foremost 首要的

　　[扩充词汇] foremost a. 最前的，最先的;首要的，杰出的

　　[经典例句] He is considered the foremost artist in his country.

　　33. readjust 重新调整

　　[大纲词汇] adjust v.调整，调节;校正

　　[衍生词汇] readjust v.重新调整，使重新适应

　　[构词方法] re-前缀，表示又，再，重新

　　[联想记忆] reappear v.再现 remarry v.再婚

　　[经典例句] The government readjust its policy on import and export.

　　34. no other than 正是

　　[大纲词汇] other than 不同于

　　[扩充词汇] no other than 正是

　　[经典例句] Taking his money away is no other than killing him.

　　35. emergence 出现

　　[大纲词汇] emerge v.浮现，出现

　　[衍生词汇] emergence n.出现，浮现;露头

　　[词汇比较] emergency n.紧急情况，突发事件，非常时刻注意;两词虽只有一个字母之差，但意思截然不同，注意区分

　　[经典例句] The past ten years witnessed the emergence of many new enterprises.

　　36. enforcement 实施

　　[大纲词汇] enforce v.实行，执行;强制

　　[衍生词汇] enforcement n.实施，强制执行 enforceable a.可执行的

　　[经典例句] Many people are against the enforcement of the new Tax Law.

　　阅读二

　　59.(C)本题提问部分意为：事实上，老家族公司……。选择项(C)意为：与现代公司相比，它们缺乏效率。

　　第一段第二、三句指出，许多老公司被拥有各级拿薪水的经理的有限(责任)公司所取代。这一变化通过一大批专业人员的使用适应了新时代技术的要求、防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降使许多家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司的创立者那样精力充沛。

　　A意为：它们被后代毁了。(A)不对主要有两个原因，其一，原文指出：是效率的下降毁了家庭公司，而效率的下降可能是主观原因造成的，也可能是客观原因造成的;其二，根据原文，效率的下降通常(so commonly)在第二、三代毁了家庭公司，so commonly一词的使用说明还有没破产的家庭公司。

　　B意为：它们因缺乏个人的独创精神而破产。从以上的分析可见，破产的原因是缺乏效率。

　　D意为：它们能为纳税人提供足够的服务项目。

　　60.(A)意为：资本与管理的分离，第二段指出，有限公司及市营买卖的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。国民生活中这一现象的出现代表了与土地及土地所有者相分离的不由个人负责的财富的出现，而且这也意味着(不由个人负责的财富)几乎在同等程度上与由个人负责的商业管理的分离。在整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亚及欧洲的部分国家的发展靠的是英国的资本，因此，在世界走向工业化的过程中英国的股东们大发其财。从以上的论述可以看出，作者认为：有限公司的发展引起了资本与经营的分离，投资者(股东)并不实际参加经营，而是坐吃红利(dividends)或有时参加些间接管理;而真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。这一点从第三段的论述也同样可以看出。

　　B意为：经理对资本的所有权。

　　C意为：劳资两个阶级的出现。劳资两个阶级早在资本主义的形成时期就已经存在了。

　　D意为：股东对市办买卖的参与。

　　61.(C)意为：有限公司太大以至于运转艰难。本文并未提到这一点。

　　A意为：股东不了解工人的需要。这一点在第三段第一句说得很清楚。该句可译为：这样的股东根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人们的生活、思想和需要，因此。他们对劳资双方的关系有不良影响。

　　B意为：老公司的老板更了解自己的工人。第三段第二、三句指出，公司的拿薪水的执行经理与工人和他们的需要有更直接的关系。但是，与现在正在消失的世袭制的旧家族企业的老板相比，即使是他也很少有过去那种对工人的熟悉程度。的确，仅经营的规模和雇用工人的数量两方面就使得这种个人关系的建立成为不可能的事。

　　C意为：工会似乎起一个正面作用。第三段第三、四句指出，然而，值得庆幸的是，至少在所有技术行业，工会与日俱增的力量使得工人们可以同他们的雇主平起平坐。罢工与封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重，明白了公平协商的价值。可见，在这方面，工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。

　　62.(D)提问中is critical of意为：对……持批评态度。

　　第二段第四句将股东阶层称为饱食终日(comfortable)者，他们与别人的关系仅限于抽取红利，他们偶尔也参加一次股东会，对企业的管理指手画脚(dictate their orders)。第三段指出，他们不了解工人，不关心工人。这里使用的显然是一种批评的语气。

　　翻译句子

　　1、The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

　　[参考译文] 这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。

　　[结构剖析] 句子的主干结构是 The change met…requirements…and prevented the decline…。其中 by engaging a large professional element 是介词词组作状语，说明 met the technical requirements of the new age 的方式。decline in efficiency 后面的 that 引导定语从句修饰前面的 decline in efficiency。

　　[阅读重点] 此句的阅读关键在于抓住句子的主干，即主要谓语动词，这样就能把握句子的基本结构，从而明白句子的主要意思。engage 在这里的意思是使卷入，涉及。

　　2、Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

　　[参考译文] 这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。

　　[结构剖析] 这个句子的主干结构是…manipulation…increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class…。其中 an element 是 class 的同位语，representing irresponsible wealth 是现在分词作定语修饰前面的 element，detached from 则是过去分词作后置定语，相当于是省略了 which is 的定语从句。and 连接两个 detached from，都修饰前面的 wealth。

　　[阅读重点] 理解 an element 是 a class 的同位语是理解此句的关键。只要分清句子的主语、谓语动词的中心词，就能够抓住句子的主要意思。在速度的时候，也可以先抓住主句而略过 an element 后面的部分不看。另外句中一些短语的意思也会影响到对整句的理解，如：detach from 与……相分离;irresponsible wealth 不负责任的财富，在本句中指的是股东们虽然拥有大量财富，但并不参与公司的运作，不承担任何经营管理的责任。

　　3、The shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.

　　[参考译文] 这样的股东对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。

　　[结构剖析] 这个句子是 and 连接的两个并列句。第一个句子的主干结构是 The shareholders had no knowledge…。在第一个句子中，employed 作定语修饰前面的workmen，相当于省略了who were (employed by)……。which 引导定语从句 in which he held shares 修饰前面的 company。第二句的主干结构 his influence…was not good 是常见的主语+系动词+表语结构。

　　[阅读重点] 第一分句中要认清 employed by 和后面 which 引导的从句都修饰什么成分的。另外，在阅读本句中，指代关系也非常重要，要看清代词 he 和 his 都是指代前面的 shareholders。

　　阅读三

　　67.(D)

　　意为：关于宇宙起源的虚假理论。

　　在本文中，作者将造物主义理论(或创世主义理论)与进化论对立而论，指出前者的基础是宗教而不是科学，而且，几乎所有的科学家和大部分非原教旨主义宗教领袖都越来越将所谓科学的造物主义理论看做既不是好科学也不是好的宗教。Kitcher的书对造物主义理论进行了深刻的批判。参阅第一段。

　　A意为：有关宇宙起源的真正意义上的进化论。

　　B意为：宗教创立的思想。

　　C意为：地球形成的科学解释。

　　68.(B)

　　意为：揭露了造物主义理论的真实面目。

　　第二段指出，他利用合适的机会(at appropriate places)对造物主义理论进行了批判。在最后三章，他摘掉了手套，将造物主义者狠狠地揍了一顿。他描述了他们的纲领及(骗人)手段，对那些不了解他们的把戏的人来说，(Kitcher所揭露出的)他们的欺骗程度和歪曲程度会令人感到吃惊和厌恶。考虑到他们的基本动机是宗教的，人们也许期望在他们身上看到更多的基督徒行为(但他们欺骗人民、歪曲事实)。

　　A意为：推崇进化论的观点。Kitcher的确推崇进化论，但从书的章节安排来看，本书更着重于对造物主义的批判。

　　C意为：狠狠地咒骂了他的对手。

　　D意为：对造物主义者发起了突然袭击。

　　69.(B)

　　意为：造物主义的论点不是建立在推理之上的。

　　参阅第67题题解。文章最后一句指出，它的确代表了理性本身，如果理性是造物主义理论与进化论之争的惟一裁判者，问题就容易解决了。本句是一个虚拟条件句，等于说：all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

　　A意为：在这场争论中，推理起了决定性作用。注意：reason(理性)与reasoning(推理)意思不同。

　　C意为：对专家以外的人来说，进化论太难。第三段第二句指出，不是专家至少也能了解一下支持进化论的数据的性质及其论点。

　　D意为：科学发现支持了造物主义理论。

　　70.(A)

　　本文是一个书评摘要。这从第二、三段就可以一目了然。

　　B意为：科学论文。

　　C意为：杂志特写。

　　D意为：报纸社论。

　　翻译句子

　　1、In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.

　　[参考译文] 在最后三章中，他脱下手套，将神造论者好好地揍了一顿。他描述了他们的活动和战术，而且，对于那些对神造论者的做事方式不熟悉的人来说，神造论者的欺骗和扭曲事实的程度可能会令这些人有一种不快的诧异。

　　[结构剖析] 第一句话的主体结构是…he takes off…and gives…，第二句是 and 连接的两个并列句。在第二个分句中，前面插入了一个介词词组 for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists，其中 unfamiliar 相当于省略了 who are 的定语从句，修饰 those。

　　[阅读重点] 第一句话中，作者把写书比喻成拳击，因而要抨击神造说/特创论的时候，用了 takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating 这样的句子。第二句中，关键要弄清楚 their programs and tactics, their deception and distortion 中的两个 their 指代的都是 creationists，而不是指那些对神造论者的处事方式不熟悉的人。

　　2、On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: This book stands for reason itself. And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

　　[参考译文] 在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上，史蒂芬?杰伊?古尔德写道：这本书本身就代表理性。而它确实是这样的-而且如果理性成为神造论/进化论之间的辩论中的惟一评判标准的话，一切就都好办了。

　　[结构剖析] 第一句话中是主语+谓语动词+直接引语。第二句表示对第一句中的观点的赞同，破折号后作进一步解释;其中隐含一个 if 引导的状语从句表示虚拟语气。在正式的文体中，倒装可以用来代替 if 引导的表示假设的状语从句。were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate 相当于 if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate。

　　[阅读重点] 注意 so it does 的用法：so+主语+助动词，表示对前面表述的观点的赞同，注意这一结构与 so+助动词+主语结构的区别。后者表示也的意思，只用在肯定句当中。另外应注意破折号后解释部分中的条件句里时态的运用：if 条件状语从句中使用过去时 were，主句中用过去将来时 would do，是作出与现在事实相反的假设。

　　补充难句翻译

　　①The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.

　　[参考译文] 所有这些书的目的都是要努力向迷惑而且通常还没有被启发的普通民众解释：不可能有两种同样站得住脚的关于宇宙和生命的起源和演化的科学理论同时存在。

　　[结构剖析] 句子的主干结构是 The goal… will be to try to explain…，其中 explain 后面接的是双宾语：explain to sb. sth.，这里 sth. 是 that 引导的宾语从句 there are not…。

　　[阅读重点] all 指代上文提到的书籍，要注意 origin 和 evolution 是并列的，而universe 和 life 是并列的。而 confused 和 unenlightened 也是并列的。

　　②Scientific creationism, which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.

　　[参考译文] 科学的神造说/特创论-不论什么时候谈到进化的科学解释的时候，某些人就会要求在教室里获得同等的时间来解释这一学说-是以宗教为基础的，而不是以科学为基础。

　　[结构剖析] 句子的主体结构是… creationism is based… on religion, not science，其中which 引导了一个非限定性定语从句 which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classroom…修饰 creationism，在这一定语从句中，whenever 引导了一个时间状语从句 whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given。

　　[阅读重点] 首先要理解非限定性定语从句的用法，另外，在阅读中可以先跳过非限定性定语从句，只看句子的主干。

　　语言点详解

　　1. creationism 神造说，特创论(一种反进化论的学说)

　　2. rumor has it 据传言说

　　[大纲词汇] rumor/ rumour n.传闻，谣言

　　[经典例句] Rumor has it that more than 20 people died in the accident.

　　3. pipeline 供应线

　　[大纲词汇] pipeline n.管道，管线

　　4. unenlighted 未受启蒙的

　　[大纲词汇] enlighten v.启发，启蒙，教导

　　[衍生词汇] enlightened a.开明的，有知识的，文明的 enlightening a.有启迪作用的enlightenment n.开明，启发 unenlightened a.未受启发的，愚昧无知的，落后的

　　[经典例句] He regarded most people as unenlightened.

　　5. citizenry 老百姓

　　[大纲词汇] citizen n.公民;市民，平民

　　[衍生词汇] citizenry n.〔总称〕公民;市民;老百姓

　　6. cosmology 宇宙论

　　[大纲词汇] cosmic a.宇宙的

　　[衍生词汇] cosmology n.宇宙论，宇宙哲学

　　7. geology 地质学

　　[大纲词汇] geology n.地质学

　　5. biology 生物学

　　[大纲词汇] biology n.生物学

　　9. consistent 前后一致的

　　[大纲词汇] consistent a.(with)前后一致的，始终如一的

　　[经典例句] What he said was consistent with what he did.

　　10. unified 统一的

　　[大纲词汇] unify n.使联合;使同意;使相同，使一致

　　[经典例句] It is their strong wish that the country should be unified.

　　11. constantly

　　[大纲词汇] constant a.经常的，不断的;坚定的;永恒的;忠实的

　　[衍生词汇] constantly ad.经常地，不断地

　　[经典例句] The world is changing constantly.

　　12. virtually 实际上

　　[大纲词汇] virtual a.实际上的，事实上的

　　[衍生词汇] virtually ad实际上，事实上

　　[经典例句] The city virtually disappeared in the tornado.

　　13. majority 大多数

　　[大纲词汇] major a.(较)大的，(较)重要的 n.专业，主修科目;专业学生，少校v. (in)主修，专攻 majority n.多数，大多数

　　[经典例句] The majority of the Senate voted against the motion.

　　14. nonfundamentalist 非原教旨主义者

　　[大纲词汇] fundamental a.基础的，基本的;n.[pl.]基本原则，基本原理

　　[衍生词汇] fundamentalist n.原教旨主义者 nonfundamentalist n.非原教旨主义者

　　15. glve an introduction to 介绍……

　　[大纲词汇] introduction n.(to)介绍;传入，引进;导言，导论，绪论

　　[经典例句] The mayor give his guest a brief introduction to his city.

　　16.appropriate适当的[大纲词汇] appropriate a. (to)适当的，恰如其分的[经典例句] He intended to propose his plan in appropriate time.

　　17. take off 脱下

　　[大纲词汇] takeoff 拿走;脱下;起飞

　　[经典例句] He helped the old lady to take off her coat.

　　15. give…a good beating 把…痛打一顿

　　[大纲词汇] beat v.打，敲;打败，战胜;(心脏等)跳动，搏动 n.敲打，敲击声，节拍;(心脏等)跳动，搏动

　　[衍生词汇] beating n.拍打，捶打;打败

　　[经典例句] The Russian troop gave a good beating to their enemy.

　　19. tactics 策略

　　[大纲词汇] tactics n.策略，战术

　　[经典例句] This is a fairly common tactics among junior executive.

　　20. extent 程度

　　[大纲词汇] extent n.广度，宽度，长度;程度，限度

　　[经典例句] What he did exceeded the extent of his authority.

　　21. deception 欺骗

　　[大纲词汇] deceive v.欺骗，蒙蔽

　　[衍生词汇] deception n.欺骗，蒙蔽

　　[经典例句] He was furious at the deception of his friends.

　　22. distortion 歪曲

　　[大纲词汇] distort v.歪曲，扭曲

　　[衍生词汇] distortion n.歪曲，扭曲，变形

　　[经典例句] What we have heard is a total distortion of facts.

　　23. motivation 动力

　　[大纲词汇] motive n.动机，目的

　　[衍生词汇] motivation n.提供动机;动力，诱因，刺激

　　[经典例句] The child has not found any motivation for learning.

　　24. philosopher 哲学家

　　[大纲词汇] philosopher n.哲学家，哲人 philosophy n.哲学

　　25. in part 部分来说

　　[经典例句] He failed in part because of his carelessness.

　　26. clarity 清晰

　　[大纲词汇] clarity n.清晰，明晰 clarify v.澄清，阐明

　　[经典例句] I remembered the scene with complete clarity.

　　27. effectiveness 有效

　　[大纲词汇] effective a.有效的，生效的

　　[衍生词汇] effectiveness n.有效

　　[经典例句] No one doubts the effectiveness of the drug.

　　28. nonspecialist 非专家

　　[大纲词汇] specialist n.专家 specialize v. ( in)专攻，专门研究，专业化

　　specialty n.特性，特质;专业，专长

　　[衍生词汇] nonspecialist非专家

　　29. notion 概念

　　[大纲词汇] notion n.概念，想法，意念，看法，观点

　　[经典例句] Her notion of rural life is a lot of sunshine and fun.

　　30. dust jacket 包在书外起保护和装饰作用的纸封面

　　31. in its true sense 真正意义上的

　　[经典例句] His behavior in its true sense has showed his indifference to others.

　　32. opponent 反对者

　　[大纲词汇] opponent n.对手，反对者，敌手;a. 二对立的，对抗的

　　[经典例句] His opponents claimed that he had accepted bribes.

　　33. book review 书评

　　[大纲词汇] review v.回顾;复习;n.回顾;复习;评论

　　[经典例句] His performance got mixed reviews.

　　34. editorial 社论

　　[大纲词汇] editorial n.社论

　　全文翻译

　　有传言说，有20多本关于创世纪论与进化论之争的书即将出版，有几本已经面世了。所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷糊而且常常是还不开通的芸芸众生：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种都成立的科学理论。对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。而科学创世纪论-当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢相同的课时来解释它-是基于宗教，而非科学的。实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将科学创世纪论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。

　　金切尔这本书的前四章简单地介绍了进化论。作者在合适的地方引入了对创世纪论者的批评并提供了后者的回答。在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世纪论者进行了猛烈抨击。他揭露了这些人的纲领和手段，对那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的作为。

　　金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。非专业人士起码可以了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于创世纪论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。这部优秀作品的护封上引用了斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德的一句话，本书赌注是理性。的确如此-如果理性是创世纪论和进化论之争的惟一裁判，一切问题就已解决了。

　　阅读四

　　63.(C)

　　意为：攻击性的，好斗的。

　　文章第一、二、三段都提到：A型性格的人在竞争的环境中成长，形成了他们的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用competitive(争强好胜的，爱竞争的)一词描述A型性格的人。

　　A意为：缺乏耐心的、不耐心的。这也许是他们有时候所表现出的性格特征，但不是他们的一般性性格特征。

　　B意为：体贴人的，为人着想的。这与事实形成鲜明的对比。

　　D意为：和蔼的，易相处的，使人愉快的。

　　64.(B)

　　意为：有些学生肯定不及格。

　　be bound to意为：肯定、注定。问题中be opposed意为反对。第三段指出，学校中最糟糕的竞争方式(by far用于强调最高级形式)是极力强调考试(disproportionate意为：不相称的，过分的)，很少有学校让学生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。通过考试来竞争有无益处(merits)是个值得探讨的问题(questionable)，但是，明知道自己会失败还去竞争的做法肯定(对人的心理，如：自信心、自我认识等)是有害的。

　　A意为：给学生造成的压力过大。

　　C意为：不及格率过高。

　　(A)、(C)文中都末提到。

　　D意为：考试成绩(或结果)值得怀疑。

　　这与原文表达的内容不一样，原文并非是说考试成绩是否真正反映学生的真实水平或能力值得怀疑，而是说考试这种形式作为—个教学环节是否合适值得进一步探讨。

　　65.(B)

　　原文最后一段指出，如果学校不过多地注重于(preoccupation…… with)学习结果，就可以花更多的时间教些更有价值的东西。选择护理方面的人-尤其是医疗护理人员-也许应该看他们是否心细、是否有同情心，而不应看他们化学成绩如何。只从A型性格的人中选择医生的做法是不可取的，B型性格的人也是社会所需要的，应该受到相应的鼓励。在这段里。作者对现在人的培养及选择标准进行了批评。B意为：学习成绩(或学术成就)。问题中currently意为：目前，当前。

　　A意为：申请者的敏感程度。指：他是否对他人的行为敏感，即是否细心。

　　C意为：竞争精神。原文是说根据成绩，即：看重的是结果。

　　D意为：更可靠的价值。即：更可靠或可依赖或有价值(对社会有用)的东西。

　　66.(C)

　　文章第一段指出，个性在很大程度上是先天形成的(inherent)，但是，环境对它也有深刻影响，环境包括社会、学校与家庭。本文主要谈论了学校教育对学生的性格形成的影响。C意为：个性的发展受多种(multiple)因素的影响。

　　A意为：儿童的个性在出生时早已确立。

　　B意为：家庭对儿童性格特征的形成起主导作用。

　　(A)、(B)两个选择项都不正确，因为，这两种说法都是片面的、极端的。儿童的个性发展受多种因素的影响。

　　D意为：在高度竞争的社会中，B型性格的人是不需要的(或是找不到位置的)。这正是作者想要驳斥的观点。作者指出：世界需要各种性格的人。另请参阅第65题题解。

　　翻译句子

　　1、But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

　　[参考译文] 但环境也一定对其有深刻的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要的话，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。

　　[结构剖析] 本句的主干是… the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since 引导一个原因状语从句，而这个从句又是一个 if 引导的条件主从复合句。

　　[阅读重点] 注意 profound 的词义为意义深远的。另外要看到最后一个逗号后面的 it所指代的是 competition。

　　2、The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

　　[参考译文] 通过考试进行竞争本身的优点就有些让人怀疑，但是如果在明知注定要失败的情况下还要竞争就肯定是有害的了。

　　[结构剖析] 本句由两个子句构成，中间有一个 but 表示意思的转折。

　　[阅读重点] 要正确理解本句，重点在于抓住单词的正确意思。questionable 可疑的，值得疑问的;而后面的 knowledge 如果理解成知识那么这句话就怎么也看不懂了，在这里它的意思应该是知道，知晓，因此 in the knowledge of 应被理解为在了解……的情况下。

　　3、Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.

　　[参考译文] 也许对从事照顾他人的职业，特别是医疗事业(从业人员)的选择应该更少地基于化学成绩而更多地基于对敏感个性和同情心的考虑。

　　[结构剖析] 本句的主干是… selection…could be made less by… and more by…。两个逗号隔开的是对于 caring professions 的进一步具体说明。

　　[阅读重点] 注意在阅读的时候抓住 less… and more…的结构，同时注意 more 后面的可能要更加重要一些。

　　补充难句翻译

　　1、The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.

　　[参考译文] 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。

　　[结构剖析] 本句的主干是 The current passion… produces a two-layer system;passion后面的介词 for 的宾语比较复杂，是一个 make sb. do sth. 的结构，而主句的宾语 a two-layer system 后面有一个非限定性的定语从句。

　　[阅读重点] 可以先抓主干，然后再分析其它成分，另外在理解的时候也要有一定的想象力，比如 compete against the clock 不能从字面上理解为和钟表竞争，而应该理解成与时间竞争/和时间赛跑。

　　2、One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.

　　[参考译文] 孩子们吸收A类个性的地方是学校。就学校的本质而言，它是一个高度竞争的机构。

　　[结构剖析] 本句的主干是 One place…is school，这个简单句的主语和谓语都有一个定语从句修饰，前面的是限定性的，后面的是非限定性的，并且在其里面还有一个插入成分 by its very nature。

　　[阅读重点] 可以先抓主干，然后再分析那两个定语从句，另外注意 soak up 的意思是吸收，摄取，其实即使我们不是很清楚这个词组的意思，只要我们抓住 soak 的基本意思浸泡，浸湿，浸透，词组的意思也能猜出来。

　　语言点详解

　　1. to a large extent 在很大程度上

　　[大纲词汇] extent n.广度，宽度，长度;程度，限度

　　[经典例句] His attitude will influence the result to a large extent.

　　2. inherent 天生的

　　[大纲词汇] inherent a.固有的，内在的，天生的 inherit v.继承

　　[经典例句] Parents should be waken to the inherent nature of their children.

　　3. bring about 造成

　　[大纲词汇] bring about 带来，造成

　　[经典例句] The new policy brought about many improvements in the employment of women.

　　4. offspring 后代

　　[大纲词汇] offspring n.子孙，后代;结果，产物

　　5. profound 深刻的

　　[大纲词汇] profound a.深刻的，意义深远的;渊博的，造诣深的

　　[经典例句] The city has undergone a profound change in the past few years.

　　6. soak up 吸收

　　[大纲词汇] soak v.浸泡，浸湿，浸透

　　[经典例句] The earth soaks up rainwater.

　　7. sport achievements 夸耀成就

　　[大纲词汇] sport n.运动;pl.运动会 sportsman n.运动员

　　[扩充词义] sport v.炫耀，夸示

　　[经典例句] The young man sported a roll of money his father gave him to his friends.

　　8. compete against 和…竞争

　　[大纲词汇] compete v.比赛;竞争 competent a.有能力的，胜任的 competitin n.比赛;竞争 competitive a.竞争的，比赛的 competitor n.竞争者，对手

　　[经典例句] He competed with other fellow colleagues for the position.

　　9. keen 热衷于

　　[大纲词汇] keen a.锋利的;敏锐的;敏捷的;(on)热心的，渴望的

　　[经典例句] He is very keen to visit China.

　　10. consequece 后果

　　[大纲词汇] consequence n.结果，后果，影响;重要性 in consequence因此，结果 in consequence of 由于…的缘故 consequently ad.因而，所以

　　[经典例句] Your mistake will surely bring about unfavorable consequence.

　　11. marathon 马拉松长跑

　　12. rejoice 高兴

　　[大纲词汇] rejoice v.(使)欣喜，(使)高兴

　　[经典例句] He rejoiced at his friend's good fortune.

　　13. conquer 战胜

　　[大纲词汇] conquer v.征服，战胜，占领;克服，破除(坏习惯)conquest n.征服

　　[经典例句] Napoleon conquered a number of European countries in a few years.

　　14. by far …最…

　　[大纲词汇] by far…得多，最

　　[经典例句] His explanation is clear by far.

　　15. disproportionate 不成比例的

　　[大纲词汇] proportion n.比例;部分，份儿;均衡，相称 in proportion 与…成比例的

　　[衍生词汇] proportionate a.成比例的;均衡的，相称的 disproportionate a.不成比例的，不相称的

　　[经典例句] A disproportionate number of fatal accidents take place at night.

　　16. emphasis on 强调

　　[大纲词汇] emphasis n.强调，重点 emphasize v.强调

　　[经典例句] The teacher lay emphasis on the importance of the assignment.

　　17. concentrate on 专注于

　　[大纲词汇] concentrate v.(on)集中，专心;浓缩;n.浓缩物 concentration n.集中;专心，专注

　　[经典例句] He concentrates solely on law studies.

　　18. merit 优点

　　[大纲词汇] merit n.优点，价值，功绩;v.值得，应得

　　[经典例句] The new method has few merits.

　　19. questionable 可疑的

　　[大纲词汇] question n.问题，议题;发问，询问 v.询问，审问;怀疑，对…表示疑问 in question 正在考虑 questionable a.可疑的，不可靠的

　　[经典例句] The accuracy of the news is questionable.

　　20. in the knowledge of 在了解…的情况下

　　[大纲词汇] know v.知道，了解;认识，熟悉;精通 know as 被认为是

　　knowledge n.知识，学问;知道，了解

　　[经典例句] He felt safe in the knowledge of his enemy's death.

　　21. change into 变为

　　[大纲词汇] change n.变换，调换，交换，互换;改变，变化 v.改变，变化;零钱，找头

　　[经典例句] Water change into ice at zero degree.

　　22. fit …to 与……相称

　　[大纲词汇] fit v.使适合，使配合，适应;安装，装配 a. (for，to)适合的，恰当的;健康的，强健的 fitting a.适当的，恰当的;n. [pl.]配件，附件;装配，安装

　　[经典例句] One should fit his action to the world.

　　23. personality 性格

　　[大纲词汇] person n.人;本人，自身 in person 亲自 personal a.个人的，私人的;亲自的，本人的;身体的，人身的 personality n.人格，个性

　　[经典例句] Environment shapes personality.

　　24. preoccupation 主要关心的事

　　[大纲词汇] occupy v.占，占用;占据，占领;使忙碌，使从事

　　[衍生词汇] occupation n.从事;工作 preoccupy v.使全神贯注，使入神;抢先占有

　　preoccupation n.抢先占有;全神贯注;使人全神贯注的事

　　[经典例句] Environmental protection is clearly their main preoccupation.

　　25. academic 学术的

　　[大纲词汇] academic a.学院的，学术的 academy n.学院，研究会，学术团体

　　[经典例句] The professor puts greater emphasis on academic studies.

　　26. lessen 减轻

　　[大纲词汇] lessen v.减少，减轻

　　[词汇比较] lesson n.功课;教训

　　[经典例句] The latest news lessened their worries.

　　27. caring profession 照顾他人的职业

　　28. consideration 考虑

　　[大纲词汇] consider v.认为，把…看作;考虑，细想;体谅，照顾 considerable a.相当大(或多)的，可观的，值得考虑的 considerate a.考虑周到的，体谅的

　　consideration n.需要考虑的事，理由;考虑，思考;体谅，照顾

　　[经典例句] The matter is receiving the serious consideration of the board.

　　29. sensitivity 敏感

　　[大纲词汇] sensitive a. (to)sensitivity n.

　　[经典例句] The machine must be used with care considering its sensitivity.

　　30. sympathy 同情心

　　[大纲词汇] sympathy n.同情，同情心，赞同 sympathetic a.同情的，共鸣的sympathize v.(with)同情，怜悯;共鸣，同感

　　[经典例句] Those people need our help and sympathy.

　　31. exclusively 仅仅

　　[大纲词汇] exclusive a.专有的，独占的;除外的，排他的 exclusively ad.仅仅;专门地，排他地

　　[经典例句] The article was written exclusively for Newsweek.

　　32. stock 某一类的人

　　[大纲词汇] stock n.备料，库存，现货;股票，公债，存储 in stock现有，备有

　　[扩充词义] stock n.祖先，世系，家族，类

　　[经典例句] He descended from Jewish stock.

　　33. aggressive 有进取心的

　　[大纲词汇] aggressive a.

　　[衍生词汇] aggression n.

　　[经典例句] The councilor appealed to the city to take aggressive action.

　　34. be opposed to 反对

　　[大纲词汇] oppose v.反对，反抗

　　[衍生词汇] opposed a.反对的，对抗的 be opposed to 反对 opposition n.反对，反抗;抵抗，对立

　　[经典例句] We are firmly opposed to power politics.

　　35. draw conclusion 下结论

　　[大纲词汇] conclude v.结束，终止;断定，下结论;缔结，协议 conclusion n.结束，终结;结论，推论 in conclusion 最后，总之

　　[经典例句] He drew a conclusion without discussing the matter with others.

　　36. at birth 生下来时

　　[大纲词汇]　birth n.出生，分娩;出身，血统

　　[经典例句] The child weighed 7 pounds at birth.

　　37. due to 由于

　　[大纲词汇] due a. (to)应支付的;(车，船等)应到达的;应有的 due to 由于，因为

　　[经典例句] The ship was late due to the heavy storm.

　　全文翻译

　　性格在很大程度上是先天形成的-A型性格的父母会有A型性格的子女。但环境也一定对其有深刻的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要的话，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。

　　让孩子吸收A型性格的一个地方是学校。学校，就其本质而言，是高度竞争的机构。很多学校采用不惜一切代价获取成功的道德标准并通过炫耀成绩来估量孩子们是否成功。目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制，在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。过分地热衷于获胜会产生危险的后果：记住，第一位跑马拉松的费迪皮迪兹在说完欢呼吧，我们赢了之后几秒便倒地而死。

　　学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当的强调考试。很少有学校允许学生集中精力做他们能做好的事。以考试竞争这种做法的好处本身有点值得怀疑，而明知有人考试会通不过的情况下还要进行竞争，则肯定是有害的。

　　显然，要将所有A型孩子变成B型孩子既不现实也不可取。这个世界需要各种性格的人，一个重要职责是使孩子的性格适合将来可能从事的工作。这才是最好的管理理念。

　　如果学校对学业的强调减少一些，也许就有更多的时间教孩子更重要的价值观念。也许对护理职业-特别是医疗护理人员-的选择应少注重化学成绩而多关注他们是否敏感、是否有同情心。只从A型性格的人员中挑选医生的确是个错误。B型性格的人非常重要，应该受到鼓励。

　　阅读五

　　55.(D)意为：大部分美国人乐于助人。

　　文章第一句指出，去过美国的人所带回的印象总是(consistently)：大多数美国人表现为友好、礼貌、乐于助人。本文从历史及文化的角度探讨了产生这一现象的原因。

　　A 意为：粗鲁的出租车司机在美国罕见。

　　B 意为：心胸狭窄的官员值得严肃的一提(或：应受严肃的批评)。

　　C 意为：加拿大人不如其邻国(当主要指美国)人民友好。

　　注意：(A)、(B)、(C)表达的观点都不是第一段中所提到的访美者的观点，第一段的第二、三、四句表达的是本文作者的观点。在作者看来，公平地讲，许多到过加拿大的人对加拿大人也有同感，因此可以说：这是一种北美现象-北美人大都友好、礼貌、乐于助人。同时，在他看来，这种情况也有例外：心胸狭隘的官员、粗鲁的侍者、无礼的出租车司机也不乏其人，但总的来看这并不构成主流。

　　56.(A)意为：文化影响社会关系。

　　最后一段的第一句是全段的主题，该句可译为：像其他发达国家一样，在美国，人际关系的背后是一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。换言之，美国的文化决定了美国人的行为。

　　B 意为：礼貌的习惯与个人兴趣互相影响。最后一段第五句可译为：仅靠在公共汽车上瞬时相遇来区别礼貌是出自于文化习惯还是个人的兴趣是不够的。根据本段的主旨和全文的主旨，这句话应该理解为：判断一个人表现出的礼貌行为究竟仅产生于其个人素质还是产生于文化的熏陶，仅看其个别的、偶然的行为是不行的。换言之，如果他随时随地表现为礼让，或者，如果生活在某一区域或国家的人都表现为礼让，那末，你才能判定礼貌行为不是一种个人现象，而是一种社会文化现象。

　　C 意为：各种美德仅表现在朋友关系中。这一点文章最后一段没提到。最后一段所举的朋友一词的例子旨在说明：在不同文化中，相同的概念未必有同一内涵或外延。

　　D 意为：社会关系等于一系列复杂的文化习俗。根据该段第一句，二者是决定与被决定关系，并非等同关系。见上文分析。

　　57.(C)意为;为自己的日常生活增添情趣。

　　第二段指出，在美国历史的很长一段时期(即所谓拓荒时代)，对许多地区来说，一个旅行者的到来是很受欢迎的，因为它可以对平时单调的生活起一个调节(break)作用。离群索居的家庭共同的问题是日常生活的单调与寂寞，陌生人或旅行者的到来可以使他们暂时摆脱这种生活状况，另外。他们也可以因此获得外界信息。

　　A 意为：改善艰苦的生活。根据上文分析可见，陌生人受欢迎的原因主要是因为他们所带来的精神效应，而非物质生活效应。第三段提到，拓荒地区(frontier)的残酷现实也是形成美国人礼貌传统的原因。一个孤独的旅游者有问题自然求助于路边最近的居住点，这对旅游者来说不是一个选择问题(即：他别无选择)，对就近的定居者来说，提供必要的帮助也不仅仅是出于怜悯(charitable impulse)。这反映的是日常生活的严酷现实：如果定居者不接收并帮助他，就没有别人了，另外，有一天定居者本人也可能处于同一境地。

　　B 意为：考虑到他们所做的长途跋涉。

　　D 意为：出于怜悯。见上文分析。

　　58.(B)意为：在美国得以广泛的保持。

　　第二、三段探索了形成美国人友善好客传统的原因之后，第四段指出，虽然现在有许多专门的机构帮助旅行者，但是，友善好客的旧传统在美国仍根探蒂固，这突出表现在远离旅游热线的一些小城市中。本段最后一句指出，许多美国人随意表现出的友善不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看作是一种历史文化现象。另外，文章最后一段指出，友善好客是倍受美国人珍视的美德，他们同样希望邻国人和其他外国人也表现出这一美德。

　　A 意为：经常是表面上的、虚假的。见上文分析。

　　C 意为：总是能被正确理解。相反，第四段指出，许多外国人对美国人的一些友好表示感到不可思议(amazing)，这反映了他们对美国历史文化传统的不理解。参阅第四段第三、四、五句。

　　D 意为：与一些旅游热线有关。不对，见上文分析。

　　翻译句子

　　1、Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.

　　[参考译文] 陌生人和旅游者是受欢迎的消遣的来源，他们带来外部世界的新闻。

　　[结构剖析] 句子的主干结构是 Strangers and travelers were…and brought…。

　　[阅读重点] 注意 diversion 在这里的含义是解闷，取乐的事情，消遣，娱乐，而不是转移，转向的意思。

　　2、The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

　　[参考译文] 许多美国人的这种随意的友好态度不应该被看成是肤浅的或虚假的，而应该被作为一种历史上发展而来的文化传统的结果来解释。

　　[结构剖析] 这个句子的主干结构是 The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as A nor B…but as C，使用了被动语态。其中 neither…nor… 结构后用的是同样词性的成分：形容词 superficial 和 artificial。

　　[阅读重点] 注意 neither…nor…but 结构的使用：既不是……也不是……而是……，重点在but之后。as the/a result of：作为……的结果，由于……而……。

　　3、As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.

　　[参考译文] 就如同在任何一个发达社会里一样，在美国，所有社会相互关系下面都隐含着一系列复杂的文化信号、假设和传统观念。

　　[结构剖析] 句子的主干结构是 … cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies…interrelationships。

　　[阅读重点] 注意 as 在这里是一个代词，表示这一情况，这一事实。可以参考以下的例句来理解 as 的用法：The night had turned cold, as is usual around here. 夜晚变得很冷，在这一带经常如此。

　　补充难句翻译

　　1、There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

　　[参考译文] 当然，例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的侍者，和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见，这使得它值得被讨论一下。

　　[结构剖析] 第一个句子使用了 there be 句型，其中 of course 是插入语。第二句是主语+系动词+表语结构。第三句话中使用了 so…… that 结构：其中 made so frequently 是过去分词作定语，修饰前面的 observation。

　　[阅读重点] 第一句中的 of course 作插入语，用逗号与句子的其它部分分开，在开始阅读的时候可以不看。注意第二句话中使用了双重否定表示肯定：hardly unknown 等于pretty well-known。另外注意 so…that 结构的用法：太……以至于。另外 observation 这里的意思是因观察而得出的意见。另外 it deserves comment 中的 it 指代前面的 observation。

　　2、Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn exce to the nearest cabin or settlement.

　　[参考译文] 一个人独自旅行的时候，如果饿了，受伤了或生病了，除了最近的小屋或者村落就无处可以投靠了。

　　[结构剖析] 这是一个简单句。traveling alone 是现在分词作定语修饰前面的 someone, if hungry, injured, or ill… 实际上是简略的 if 引导的状语从句，相当于 if (he is) hungry, injured, or ill，这里作插入成分。另外 have sth.+动词不定式这一结构中的动词不定式通常是相当于定语部分，修饰前面的 sth.，这里就是：没有可以投靠(to turn to/动词不定式)的地方(nowhere/sth.)。

　　[阅读重点] 注意 turn to 这里的引申含义是投靠、求助于、求教于的意思。

　　3、It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.

　　[参考译文] 对于旅行者来说，这不是一个可以有多个选择的问题，对于村落里的定居者来说，这也不仅仅是一个发善心的冲动行为。

　　[结构剖析] 句子的主干 It was not a matter of choice…or merely a charitable impulse…是主语+系动词+表语结构。表语由并列的两部分组成，由 or 来连接。

　　[阅读重点] on the part of 相当于前面的 for，意思是在……方面、对……而言。

　　语言点详解

　　1. courteous 有礼貌的

　　[大纲词汇] courtesy n.谦恭有礼，有礼貌的举止(或言词)

　　[衍生词汇] courteous a.谦恭有礼的，殷勤的

　　[经典例句] His boss is genuinely courteous to his subordinates.

　　2. to be fair 公平地说

　　[经典例句] To be fair，his success owes much to his wife's help.

　　3. exception 特例

　　[大纲词汇] exception n.例外，除外 with the exception of 除……之外

　　[经典例句] His brothers are all very tall，but he is an exception.

　　4. small-minded 心胸狭窄的

　　[扩充词汇] small-minded a.心胸狭隘的，眼界小的;固执己见的

　　[联想记忆] far-sighted a.有远见的 clear-headed a.头脑清楚的

　　5. ill-mannered 无礼的

　　[扩充词汇] ill-mannered a.无礼的，举止粗鲁的

　　6. be hardly known 几乎无人知道

　　[经典例句] The truth of the incident was hardly know to anyone.

　　7. break 中止

　　[大纲词汇] break n.打断，中止;中间休息

　　[经典例句] We have a study break of four days every semester.

　　8. otherwise 不然

　　[大纲词汇] otherwise ad.另样地，用别的方法;在其他方面;conj.要不然，否则

　　[经典例句] He reminded me what I should have otherwise forgotten.

　　9. existence 生活

　　[大纲词汇] existence n.存在，实在;生存，生活(方式)

　　[经典例句] They are working for a better existence.

　　10. live distant from 住得离…很远

　　[经典例句] He lives distant from his other relatives.

　　11. diversion 消遣

　　[大纲词汇] diversion n.转向，转移

　　[扩充词义] diversion n.消遣，娱乐

　　[经典例句] Big cities have a lot of diversions.

　　12. harsh 严酷的

　　[扩充词汇] harsh a.粗糙的，难听的，严厉的，严酷的 harshness n.粗糙，严酷，严厉

　　[经典例句] Their adaptiveness came from coping with harsh conditions.

　　13. the frontier(美国)靠近未开发地区的已开发地区

　　[大纲词汇] frontier n.国境，边境;尖端，新领域

　　14. hospitality 好客

　　[大纲词汇] hospitality n.好客，殷勤，款待

　　[衍生词汇] hospitable a.好客的，殷勤的

　　[经典例句] We were deeply moved by the hospitality of the farmers.

　　15. settlement 定居点

　　[大纲词汇] settlement n.解决，决定，调停;居留区，住宅区

　　[经典例句] Israelis and Palestinians have serious disputes over Israeli new settlements.

　　16. injured 受伤的

　　[大纲词汇] injure v.损害，伤害，损伤

　　[衍生词汇] injured a.受损害的，受伤的

　　[经典例句] He found his injured finger caused a lot of trouble.

　　17. charitable 乐善好施的

　　[大纲词汇] charity n.慈善(团体)，仁慈，施舍

　　[衍生词汇] charitable a.慈悲的，仁爱的，慷慨施舍的

　　[经典例句] He always takes part in charitable activities.

　　18. impulse 冲动

　　[大纲词汇] impulse v.推动; n.推动;冲动，刺激

　　[经典例句] She tried to repress the impulse to dial his number.

　　19. on the part of 就…而言;在…一边

　　[经典例句] He expressed appreciation on the part of his classmates.

　　20. take in 收留

　　[大纲词汇] take in 接受，吸收;了解，理解;欺骗

　　[经典例句] Andy took in a stray dog.

　　21. take care of 照料

　　[大纲词汇] take care of 照料，照顾;承担，处理，负责

　　[经典例句] He asked his girl friend to take care of his dog while he went away for business.

　　22. specialize in 专门从事

　　[经典例句] The company specialize in car manufacture.

　　23. weary 疲倦的

　　[大纲词汇] weary a.疲倦的;令人厌烦的;v.使疲倦，使厌倦

　　[经典例句] The pilot was extremely weary with the long time flying.

　　24. travel through 经过

　　[经典例句] I was travelling through when I saw the accident.

　　25. amazing 令人惊讶的

　　[大纲词汇] amaze v.使惊奇，使惊愕，使惊叹 amazing a.令人惊讶的

　　[经典例句] The acrobatic show was amazing to all of us.

　　26. superficial 表面的

　　[大纲词汇] superficial a.表面的，肤浅的，浅薄的

　　[经典例句] We were not satisfied with the superficial explanation of the incident.

　　27. artificial 矫揉造作的

　　[大纲词汇] artificial a.人工的，人造的;认为的，矫揉造作的

　　[经典例句] She was wearing an artificial smile when appearing at the door.

　　28. the result of ……的结果

　　[大纲词汇] result n.结果，成果，成绩v.(in)导致，结果是;(from)起因于，因…而造成 as a result 结果，因此 as a result of 由于……的结果

　　[经典例句] We regard our failure as the result of his carelessness.

　　29. a set of 一套

　　[经典例句] We expect that a set of rules and regulations will be drawn up.

　　30. convention 习俗

　　[大纲词汇] convention n.大会，会议;惯例，常规，习俗;公约，协定

　　[经典例句] Convention now permits women to wear more colorful clothing.

　　31. underlie 潜存于…之下

　　[大纲词汇] underlying a.含蓄的，潜在的;在下面的

　　[衍生词汇] underlie v.引起，潜存于…之下

　　[经典例句] Many facts underlay my decision.

　　32. interrelationship 互相之间的关系

　　[构词方法] inter-前缀，表示互相，在…之间

　　[联想记忆] interact v.互相作用 interdependent a.互相依赖的

　　33. draw conclusion 下结论

　　[经典例句] He drew the final conclusion through careful analysis.

　　34. distinguish 分辨

　　[大纲词汇] distinguish v.(from)区分，辨别;辨认出;使杰出

　　[经典例句] It is very hard to distinguish the two colors.

　　35. keep up 保持

　　[大纲词汇] keep up 保持，维持;继续进行，坚持

　　[经典例句] The lady always keep up her genuine warmth to people.

　　全文翻译

　　去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说，人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论，因而，应当认为这是北美普遍的现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如意的地方，但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见，因而也就值得议论一番了。

　　过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢迎。无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的普遍问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎，他们带来了娱乐消遣，还带来了外面世界的消息。

　　开拓者的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题;而对当地居民来说，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷：如果你不收留他，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。

　　如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭-这真令人惊奇。来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很普遍，但并非总能得到正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看做是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。

　　同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确诠释文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的朋友一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的朋友大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的。不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，同时希望邻居和陌生人也能如此。

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