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初中英语动词知识点整理

时间:2024-06-14 10:09:07 英语试题 我要投稿
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关于初中英语动词知识点整理

  初中英语的学习离不开各种时态、语态和句型,同学们要想提高英语成绩必须掌握好相关的知识点。以下是关于初中英语动词知识点整理,让同学们学习参考:

关于初中英语动词知识点整理

  动词的分类及基本形式

  表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。

  We have lunch at 12. 我们12点吃午饭。(have是行为动词)

  We have been to New York. 我们去过纽约。(have是助动词)

  W I am hungry. 我饿了。(am是连系动词)

  She was beaten on the way home. 她在回家的路上被人打了。(was是助动词)

  You needn’t have waited for me. 你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词)

  The door needs painting. 这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词)

  动词的基本形式

  绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式:动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。

  A. 第三人称单数形式的构成

  一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词后要加s或es,其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同:

  1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s,如work—works, write—writes。

  2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词,后加es,如guess—guesses, mix—mix, finish—finishes, catch—catches。

  3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,改y为ies,如study—studies。

  注:不规则变化的有have—has, be—is, go—goes, do—does等。

  B. 现在分词的构成

  1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing,如study—studying, work—working。

  2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e再加ing,如write—writing, move—moving。

  3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词,要双写末尾一个辅音字母,再加ing,如get—getting, begin—beginning。

  4. 以ie结尾的名词,一般将ie改为y,再加ing,如lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying。

  注:(A) 以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如control—controlling;尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如travel—traveling(美) /travelling(英) 。(B) 特例:picnic—picnicking。

  C. 过去式和过去分词的构成

  1. 一般情况直接加ed,如ask—asked, work—worked。

  2. 以不发音的e结尾,只加d,如love—loved, dance—danced。

  3. 以辅音字母加y结尾,把y变为ied,如try—tried, study—studied。

  4. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词,先双末尾一个字母,再加ed,如stop—stopped, permit—permitted。

  情态动词的语法特征

  1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。

  2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。

  3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。

  4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。

  Be动词定义及用法

  1. Be动词有三个,am,is还有are.我用am, 你用are, is跟着他她它,复数全部都用are.

  如果遇到过去时,was来把am,is替,were来把换掉动词are

  2. do和be动词的用法区别

  Be 动词就是(am,are,is)..句子中如果没有实意动词(例如:write,buy)之类的动词,就直接在主语后面加Be动词。而如果是句子中有实意动词,那么如果你要改为一般疑问句,就要借助DO(do也称为助动词),例如:I study.

  改为一般疑问句:Do you study ?

  顺口溜:be氏三朵花, am, is还有are,

  我(I)恋am, 你(you)恋are,

  is跟了他(he)她(she)它(it),

  单娶is, 复娶are。

  详细讲解:

  英语的be 动词是个用法比较复杂的动词。复杂的原因有两点:

  1、 除了原形的 be 之外,对于不同人称代词以及单数名词和复数名词,be 会有各种变化形式和缩写形式。概括一下有七种形式:be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being。它们与人称代词和名词单、复数的搭配关系是:

  现在时 I am, you are, he/she/it/ is, we/you/they are;名词单数、不可数名词用is,复数用are。

  缩略式 I'm, you're, he's, we're, you're, they're

  否定缩略式 I'm not, isn't, aren't

  过去时 I was, you were, he/she/it/ was, we/you/they were;名词单数、不可数名词用was,复数用were。

  否定缩略式 wasn't, weren't

  过去分词 been

  现在分词 being

  2、在句子中,be有两种主要作用:一是作为系动词(The Linking Verb),本身可以作用谓语动词;二是做为助动词(The Auxiliary Verb),与谓语动词一起构成各种时态和被动语态等。

  下面做个简要的讲解。

  一、be 动词做系动词

  1、系动词+表语”的结构

  当be 动词做系动词使用时,主要构成“系动词+表语”的结构,在句子中做谓语。表语可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等。例如:

  The man is a science teacher.

  Mary's new dresses are colourful.

  Mother is in the kitchen now.

  I have been there before.

  They shall be here at 10:00 tommorow.

  That can't be true.

  You are not being very polite.

  Your brother is being very annoying this evening

  2、be 动词的一般疑问句,方法是把be 移到主语前面,也可说成是移到句首。

  Is the man a science teacher? Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.

  Are Mary's new dresses colourful? Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.

  Was mother in the kitchen then? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.

  Were you at home the day before yesterday? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.

  Was she late this morning? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.

  3、be 动词用在特殊疑问句

  在特殊疑问句里,be 动词仍然移到主语前面,但特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的,所以be 动词只能说是移到主语前面,或者说是在特殊疑问词的后面。例如:

  Whose bike is broken? Xiao Ming's bike is.

  Who was singing in the room? Mr. Zhang was.

  Where are you from? I am from Wuhu.

  What class were you in? We were in Class 2.

  How old is Tom? He is ten.

  4、be 动词的否定句

  be 动词做谓语时,它的否定形式是在be 后加not,并且可以缩写。例如:

  It is not sunny today.

  Tom and his friends are not in the park.

  You were not nine years old when I went to the university.

  He was not often late for his class when he was a student.

  I wasn't here yesterday.

  My parents weren't at home last Sunday.

  5、be 动词的祈使句

  be 动词的祈使句有肯定和否定两种形式。肯定形式是以be 动词开头,而否定形式或强调句形,要加don't 或do。例如:

  Be careful!

  Be a good boy!

  Don't be silly!

  Don't be a fool!

  Do be obedient!

  Do be careful.

  二、be 动词做助动词

  助动词be 有两个基本用法,一是与谓语动词一起构成各种时态,二是构成被动语态。

  1、“be + 现在分词组”成各种进行式时态。例如:

  Tony's maid is washing his new car.

  The children are playing in the field.

  Samuel was eating when I came in.

  We have been living here since 1959.

  This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.

  三、注意事项

  英语句子中,为了表达时态或被动语态的需要,常常会出现几个助动词连在一块儿使用。也就是说,助动词be会和其它助动词一起使用。这时候,整个句子的一般疑问句和否定句,就不一定是对be 进行变化了,而是以第一个助动词为主进行变化。即哪个助动词在先,就以它为主进行变化。例如:

  [肯定句] All the wonderful birds can be found in our Bird Park. (助动词有两个:can be )

  [疑问句] Can all the wonderful birds be found in our Bird Park? (移第一个can)

  [否定句] All the wonderful birds can not be found in our Bird Park. (在第一个can 后加not)

  [肯定句] I have been there before. (两个助动词:have, been )

  [疑问句] Have you been there before?

  [否定句] I have not been there before.

  [肯定句] I shall be having my supper at six tomorrow evening. (两个助动词:shall, be )

  [疑问句] Will you be having my supper at six tomorrow evening?

  [否定句] I shall not be having my supper at six tomorrow evening.

  动词的定义

  用来表示动作或状态的词汇就是动词,一个完整的英语句子一定有主语和谓语(动词)。谓语由动词承担,也就是说一个句子一定有主语和动词。

  根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,

  实义动词 如:run, walk ,like 等

  系动词 如:be, feel, get, look, taste 等

  助动词 如:do, does, did等

  情态动词 如:can, may, must, shall, should等,情态动词后一定要跟动词原形。

  动词固定搭配

  1. want to do sth. 想要做某事

  I want to buy a new computer this afternoon.

  我想今天下午买台新电脑。

  2. would like to do sth.想要做某事

  I would like to invite you to come to my birthday party this Saturday.

  我想邀请你这周六来我的聚会。

  3. wish to do sth. 希望做某事

  I wish to live on the moon one day.

  我希望有一天在月球上生活。

  4. help to do sth. 帮助做某事

  I often help to do some chores at home.

  我在家经常帮着做家务。

  5. hope to do sth. 希望做某事

  I hope to have a good rest this weekend.

  我希望这周末好好休息一下。

  6. learn to do sth. 学会做某事

  He finally learned to play the piano with the help of the teacher.

  在老师的帮助下,他最终学会了弹钢琴。

  7. manage to do sth. 设法做成某事

  They managed to escape the fire yesterday.

  昨天他们设法逃脱了火灾。

  8. offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事

  Never offer to teach fish to swim.

  别在强人面前逞能。

  9. plan to do sth. 计划做某事

  He plans to travel around the world.

  他计划要周游世界。

  10. afford to do sth. 负担得起做某事(时间或金钱方面)

  We can’t afford to go abroad this summer.

  今年夏天我们没有足够的钱出国。

  11. agree to do sth. 做某事

  He agreed to do it at once.

  他同意立刻行动。

  12. arrange to do sth.安排做某事

  I arrange to wash clothes tomorrow morning.

  我安排好明天上午洗衣服。

  13. ask to do sth. 要求做某事

  The boy asks to go to school by bike.

  这个男孩要求骑自行车去上学。

  14. beg to do sth. 恳求做某事

  He begged not to be put into prison.

  他祈求不要被关进监狱。

  15. care to do sth. 愿意/喜欢做某事

  16. choose to do sth. 选择做某事

  He chose to believe what she had said.

  他选择相信她说的话。

  动词中的种类

  动词是表示动作或状态的词,按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词,连系动词,助动词和情态动词。

  1.行为动词

  行为动词可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi),及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,后跟宾语;不及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,但后面不能直接跟宾语,如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。

  如:

  More and more people study English.(vt)

  The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)

  2.连系动词

  连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。

  如:

  Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.

  It feels damp.

  3.助动词

  助动词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定,疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征,助动词有 be,do,have,shall,will等。

  如:

  How do you usually come to school?

  The children are playing yo-yo now.

  4.情态动词

  情态动词本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。

  如:

  Can I help you?

  - Must we go now? -No, you needn't .

  a. can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时,指本身有能力的"能";be able to用于各种时态均可,指须经过努力而"能"。

  b. must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为"必须",只用于一般现在时和一般将来时;have/has to表示客观需要,意为"不得不",它可用于各种时态。

  c.need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。

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