考研英语阅读理解专练「附答案」

2018年考研英语阅读理解专练「附答案」

　　俗话说“得阅读者得英语”，因此可以看出考研英语阅读的重要性，以下是百分网小编搜索整理的一份考研英语阅读理解专练【附答案】，供参考练习，希望对大家有所帮助!想了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们应届毕业生考试网!

　　Text 1

　　Proponents of different jazz styles have always argued that their predecessor’s musical style did not include essential characteristics that define jazz as jazz. Thus, 1940''s swing was belittled by beboppers of the 1950''s who were themselves attacked by free jazzes of the 1960''s. The neoboppers of the 1980''s and 1990''s attacked almost everybody else. The titanic figure of Black saxophonist John Coltrane has complicated the arguments made by proponents of styles from bebop through neobop because in his own musical journey he drew from all those styles. His influence on all types of jazz was immeasurable. At the height of his popularity, Coltrane largely abandoned playing bebop, the style that had brought him fame, to explore the outer reaches of jazz.

　　Coltrane himself probably believed that the only essential characteristic of jazz was improvisation, the one constant in his journey from bebop to open-ended improvisations on modal, Indian, and African melodies. On the other hand, this dogged student and prodigious technician? D who insisted on spending hours each day practicing scales from theory books? D was never able to jettison completely the influence of bebop, with its fast and elaborate chains of notes and ornaments on melody.

　　Two stylistic characteristics shaped the way Coltrane played the tenor saxophone: he favored playing fast runs of notes built on a melody and depended on heavy, regularly accented beats. The first led Coltrane to sheets of sound” where he raced faster and faster, pile-driving notes into each other to suggest stacked harmonies. The second meant that his sense of rhythm was almost as close to rock as to bebop.

　　Three recordings illustrate Coltrane’s energizing explorations. Recording Kind of Blue with Miles Davis, Coltrane found himself outside bop, exploring modal melodies. Here he played surging, lengthy solos built largely around repeated motifs; an organizing principle unlike that of free jazz saxophone player Ornette Coleman, who modulated or altered melodies in his solos. On Giant Steps, Coltrane debuted as leader, introducing his own compositions. Here the sheets of sound, downbeat accents, repetitions, and great speed are part of each solo, and the variety of the shapes of his phrases is unique. Coltrane’s searching explorations produced solid achievement. My Favorite Things was another kind of watershed. Here Coltrane played the soprano saxophone, an instrument seldom used by jazz musicians. Musically, the results were astounding. With the soprano’s piping sound, ideas that had sounded dark and brooding acquired a feeling of giddy fantasy.

　　When Coltrane began recording for the Impulse! Label, he was still searching. His music became raucous, physical. His influence on rockers was enormous, including Jimi Hendrix, the rock guitarist, who, following Coltrane, raised the extended guitar solo using repeated motifs to a kind of rock art form.

　　The primary purpose of the text is to

　　[A] Discuss the place of Coltrane in the world of jazz and describe his musical explorations.

　　[B] Examine the nature of bebop and contrast it with improvisational jazz.

　　[C] Analyze the musical sources of Coltrane’s style and their influence on his work.

　　[D] Acknowledge the influence of Coltrane’s music on rock music and rock musicians.

　　Which of the following best describes the organization of the fourth paragraph?

　　[A] A thesis referred to earlier in the text is mentioned and illustrated with three specific examples.

　　[B] A thesis is stated and three examples are given each suggesting that a correction needs to be made to a thesis referred to earlier in the text.

　　[C] A thesis referred to earlier in the text is mentioned, and three examples are presented and ranked in order of their support of the thesis.

　　[D] A thesis is stated, three seemingly opposing examples are presented, and their underlying correspondence is explained.

　　According to the text, John Coltrane did all of the following during his career EXCEPT

　　[A] Improvise on melodies from a number of different cultures.

　　[B] Perform as leader as well as soloist.

　　[C] Spend time improving his technical skills.

　　[D] Eliminate the influence of bebop on his own music.

　　According to the text a major difference between Coltrane and other jazz musicians was the

　　[A] Degree to which Coltrane’s music encompassed all of jazz.

　　[B] Repetition of motifs that Coltrane used in his solos.

　　[C] Number of his own compositions that Coltrane recorded.

　　[D] Indifference Coltrane maintained to musical technique.

　　In terms of its tone and form, the text can best be characterized as

　　[A] Dogmatic explanation.

　　[B] Indignant denial.

　　[C] Enthusiastic praise.

　　[D] Speculative study.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　「答案」A

　　「考点解析」本题是一道中心主旨题。第一段的倒数第一、二句是全文的中心主旨句，全文就是根据这两句话展开论述的。抓住这两句话就可以找出本题的正确选项A.考生在解题时，尤其是破解中心主旨题时，一定要先找出全文的中心主旨句。

　　「答案」C

　　「考点解析」这是一道例(举)证与细节理解题。第四段第一句明确指出“三张唱片为科尔特兰尼富有活力的探索提供了证明”。这说明第四段将讲述三个例子用来说明在前一段即第三段所提出的论点。另外这三个例子是按着先后顺序给出的，因此本题的正确选项是C.考生在解题时要注意段落之间的相互关系，更要注意句子之间的相互关系。

　　「答案」D

　　「考点解析」这是一道细节理解题型。本题属于比较难的题型，因为本题的涉及面比较广。本题A、B、C选项的内容分别在第二段第一句、第四段第三四句和第二段第二句提到过。故本题的正确选项应该是D.其实这道题表面上非常难，但是对于善于捕捉全文中心主旨句的同学来讲确比较容易，因为从第一段第四句的原因状语从句中就可以推导出本题的正确答案D.考生在解题时应时时牢记全文的中心主旨句。

　　「答案」A

　　「考点解析」本题是一道审题定位题型。根据本题题干中的“other jazz musicians”可将本题的答案信息来源定位在第一段的第一至四句，因为在这四句话中提到了其它的爵士音乐家。第一段第四句的状语从句明确指出了“Coltrane”与其它音乐家的不同在于他吸收了各种风格的爵士音乐。故本题的正确答案应该是A.考生在解题时应重视审题定位。

　　「答案」C

　　「考点解析」本题是一道归纳推导题型。细心的同学可从本文作者在论述时使用的词语中推导出本题的正确答案C.例如作者在第一段第四句的主语上使用了“titanic figure”;在第五句使用了“his influence…was immeasurable”;在最后一段的第三句使用了“his influence… was enormous”，这都反映了作者的“enthusiastic praise”。考生在解题时要重视原文作者在表达观点时的遣词造句。

　　[参考译文]

　　不同的爵士乐风格的支持者一贯认为他们前辈的音乐风格没有包括那些使爵士乐之所以成为爵士乐的本质特征。这样，二十世纪五十年代的比波普派轻视二十世纪四十年代的摇摆音乐派，而他们自己又受到二十世纪六十年代的自由爵士派的抨击。二十世纪八十至九十年代的新比波普派几乎对任何其他人都进行抨击。而黑人萨克斯管巨匠约翰?科尔特兰尼使这些从比波普派到新比波普派的支持者所提出的主张更加复杂化，因为在他自己的音乐例程中，他经历了所有这些风格。他对所有爵士音乐的风格的影响是不可估量的。在他最受欢迎的时期，科尔特兰尼基本上放弃了比波普风格的演奏以便探索爵士乐更深的处延，然而正是比波普风格的演奏使得他成名。

　　科尔特兰尼自己可能认为爵士乐的唯一本质特征就是即兴创作，这是他从比波普风格到对形式音乐、印度音乐、非洲音乐的自由即兴演奏的历程中一直没有改变的。另一方面，这个顽强的学生和异常的技巧家每天花几个小时用以练习理论书籍上的曲谱，从未能完全抛弃比波普的影响，在他的旋律中可以找到带有比波普特点的快速和精细的音符以及修饰效果。

　　有两种风格特征影响了科尔特兰尼演奏男高音萨克斯管的方式：他喜欢对建立于一种旋律上的音符进行快速的演奏，同时也依赖于强有力的、有规律的重音节奏。前者引导科尔特兰尼走向“片状声响”的境界，在那里科尔特兰尼的演奏越来越快，将音符成堆互相累放起来以表达一种堆叠起来的和谐感。而后者意味着，他的节奏感之接近于摇滚乐几乎就像其接近于比波普风格一样。

　　三张唱片为科尔特兰尼富有活力的探索提供了证明。和马尔斯?戴维斯合作录制《有几分忧伤》时，科尔特兰尼发现他已离开了波普风格，对形式音乐进行探索。在这中间，他演奏那些跌宕起伏的冗长的`独奏，而这些独奏基本上是围绕着一个重复主题展开的。该种主题是用以组织其音乐的原则，它和自由派爵士乐萨克斯管演奏家奥尼迪?科尔曼采用的组织方式不同。后面这位音乐家在他的独奏中会对其旋律进行调节改变。在《大踏步》中，科尔特兰尼初次以领导者角色出现，对他自己的作品进行了介绍。在这中间，“片状声响”、强拍重音、重复回旋和极快的速度组成了每一段独奏的各个部分，各乐章的形式的多样性是独一无二的。科尔特兰尼深刻的探索获得了稳固的成就。《我的钟爱之物》是另一种意义上的分水岭。在这里，科尔特兰尼演奏了爵士乐演奏家很少使用的女高音萨克斯管，所产生的音乐上的效果是惊人的。伴随着女高音萨克斯管的尖音，那些显得昏暗及带有沉思意味的主题获得了一种令人眼花缭乱的梦幻感觉。

　　当科尔特兰尼开始为冲动唱片公司进行音乐录制时，他仍然在探索。他的音乐变得沙哑而感性。摇滚乐手受到他的巨大影响，其中包括吉米?亨德瑞克斯这位吉它手。后者仿效科尔特兰尼，使基于重复主题的大段吉他独奏上升成为一种摇滚艺术形式。

　　Text 2

　　Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers ?D using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.

　　The creative shaping process of a technologist’s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.

　　Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hard thinking， nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.

　　If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.

　　1.In the text, the author is primarily concerned with

　　[A] Identifying the kinds of thinking that is used by technologists.

　　[B] Stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design.

　　[C] Proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technology.

　　[D] Contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technologists.

　　2. It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are

　　[A] Strengthened when they include courses in design.

　　[B] Weakened by the substitution of physical science courses for courses designed to develop mathematical skills.

　　[C] Strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of the courses.

　　[D] Strong despite the errors those graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control systems.

　　3.Which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of the first two paragraphs of the text?

　　[A] When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair it.

　　[B] Each component of an automobile? D for example, the engine or the fuel tank? D has a shape that has been scientifically determined to be best suited to that component’s function.

　　[C] A telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal thought.

　　[D] The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer''s conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site.

　　4.Which of the following statements would best serve as an introduction to the text?

　　[A] The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technological developments must be derived from science ignores the many nonscientific decisions made by technologists.

　　[B] Analytical thought is no longer a vital component in the success of technological development.

　　[C] As knowledge of technology has increased, the tendency has been to lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in making decisions about form, arrangement, and texture.

　　[D] A movement in engineering colleges toward a technician’s degree reflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability that was once common among engineers.

　　5. The author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record paradoxical (line 6, paragraph 3) most probably because

　　[A] The publication needed drawings that its own staff could not make.

　　[B] Architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their students.

　　[C] College students were qualified to make the drawings while practicing engineers were not.

　　[D] Engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed to record the development of their own discipline.

　　[考点解析]

　　1.「答案」B

　　「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题。本题的正确答案信息点在原文第一段的倒数第二句，该句强调“nonverbal thinking”的重要性。可见本题的正确选项应该是B.考生在破解中心主旨题时一定要首先找出原文的中心主旨句。

　　2.「答案」A

　　「考点解析」这是一道反推题。根据题干中的“engineering curricula”可将本题的正确答案信息来源确定在原文的第三段第一句。该句中“should”一词的理解十分重要。“should”是“应该做”而实际上确“没有做”。根据“should”一词并且结合第三段第一句进行反推即逆向思维，可得出本题的正确选项是A.考生在解题时应该重视关键的语言信号词，更要加强反推的能力。

　　3.「答案」D

　　「考点解析」本题是一道细节归纳推导题。其实只要考生抓住第一段中的中心主旨句(倒数第二句)和第二段中的中心主旨句(倒数第一句)，就不难寻找出本题的正确答案D.要想知道某一段的主要含义就要首先找出该段的中心主旨句。另外考生在破解此类题型时还要善于根据中心主旨句进行合理的逻辑推导。

　　4.「答案」A

　　「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题。如果考生抓住了全文的中心主旨句(第一段的倒数第二句)以及每段的中心主旨句(例如第二段的倒数第一句)，就不难寻找出本题的正确选项A，因为该选项所强调的内容与这些中心主旨句所表达的内容是相互一致的。考生在破解中心主旨题型时一定要具备寻找和理解中心主旨句的能力。

　　5.「答案」D

　　「考点解析」本题是一道细节推导题。题干已经将本题的答案信息确定在第三段的尾句，该句强调的是“engineering students”在教育方面的缺陷，因此本题的正确选项应该是D.如果考生在理解此句时有困难，可借助于本段的主题句(第三段第一句)来破解本题。第三段第一句强调的是“engineering curricula”缺乏“design courses”。这句话同样是表明“engineering students”在教育方面的缺失。考生在破解此类题型时一定要善于总结和归纳原文的信息。

　　[参考译文]

　　许多日常使用的事物明显受到了科学的影响，但它们的形状和功能，它们的大小和外观，是由工艺人员、工匠、设计师、发明家和工程师运用非科学思维模式来设计的。工艺人员所考虑物体的很多性质和特点不能归结到毫不模糊的字面描述;在思维中，它们以一种视觉上的'、非言语的方式被加以处理。在西方科技的发展过程中，大体上是由非言语思维刻画了我们物质环境的轮廓并充实了其中的细节。金字塔、大教堂、火箭之所以存在，不是因为几何学或热力学的原因，而是因为在它们的制造者的头脑中事先存在了这样一幅画面。

　　在几乎每一件现存的人造制品身上都能看出工艺人员思维创造性的制作过程。比如说，在柴油发动机的设计中，通过不断使用关于合适感和适当感的直观体会，一个工艺人员得以用他个人的非语言思维来影响到机器本身。燃烧室的形状应怎样?阀门应该放在哪里?它应该有个长的活塞还是应该有个短的?这样的问题有着由经验、物理需要、可用空间的局限以及并非微不足道的形状感等因素提供的一系列答案。某一些决定，比如壁厚和销钉直径，可能需要由科学的计算来定夺，但设计中的非科学成分仍然是主要的。

　　因此设计课程应该成为工程课程中的基本成份。非语言思维，这一工程设计的核心机制，包括了感受这一属于艺术家的而非科学家的惯用手段。因为人们认为感受的过程不需要“硬思维”，非语言思维被视为认知过程发展的一个原始阶段而且比语言和数学思维差。但令人感到自相矛盾的是，当《美国工程历史名录》的工作人员希望得到为其美国工程历史记录而绘制的机器图和等比例图时，唯一具有所需技能的大学生不是工程学大学生，而是就读于建筑学院的大学生。

　　如果不能开设设计课程(它能在一个高度分析性工程学课程体系中提供解决实际问题的背景知识)，我们就会在先进的工程系统中遇到愚蠢而同时会导致极大损失的错误。比如，装载了精密控制设备的早期高速铁路车辆模型不能在暴风雪中正常运行，原因是一个风扇将雪吸入到电子系统中。干扰着自动控制系统的荒唐的随机故障不是轻微的失常;它们是一种混乱的反映，人们认为这种混乱主要在设计数学方面的问题时就会产生。

　　Text 3

　　As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not.

　　To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.

　　This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing， no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth， death， and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages， if there were no density-dependent effects， the population would， in the long run， either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly)。 Put another way， it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes， and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant， and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet， whether recognized or not， they will usually determine the long-term average population density.

　　In order to understand the nature of the ecologist''s investigation， we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret， one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant， or that oscillate around repeated cycles， the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described， even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations， we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.

　　1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with

　　[A] Discussing two categories of factors that control population growth and assessing their relative importance.

　　[B] Describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over time and explaining why these changes occur.

　　[C] Proposing a hypothesis concerning population size and suggesting ways to test it.

　　[D] Posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population growth and presenting some currently accepted answer.

　　2. It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the dichotomy discussed to be

　　[A] Applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations.

　　[B] instrumental， but only if its limitations are recognized.

　　[C] Dangerously misleading in most circumstances.

　　[D] A complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena.

　　3.According to the text， all of the following behaviors have been exhibited by different populations EXCEPT

　　[A] Roughly constant population levels from year to year.

　　[B] Regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers.

　　[C] Erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather.

　　[D] Unchecked increases in numbers over many generations.

　　4. The discussion concerning population in the third paragraph serves primarily to

　　[A] Demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying density-dependent factors limiting population growth.

　　[B] Advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in population growth.

　　[C] Prove that the death rates of any population are never entirely density-independent.

　　[D] underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in regulating long-term population densities.

　　5. In the text， the author does all of the following EXCEPT

　　[A] Cite the views of other biologists.

　　[B] Define a basic problem that the text addresses.

　　[C] Present conceptual categories used by other biologists.

　　[D] Describe the results of a particular study.

　　[考点解析]

　　1.「答案」A

　　「考点解析」这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句在第三段的首句。如果考生能够抓住第三段的首句就等于抓住了整篇文章的论述结构。该句中的“dichotomy”(两分法)就是正确选项A中的“two categories”。考生在解题时应首先抓住每篇文章的中心主旨句，因为这决定了对全文结构的认识以及对原文整体的把握。

　　2.「答案」B

　　「考点解析」这是一道细节推导题。根据题干中的“dichotomy”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的首句。如果考生能够正确理解该句中“but”一词前后的内容，就可以找出本题的正确选项B.考生在解题时一定要正确理解原文所传达的含义，即进行正确的细节推导。

　　3.「答案」D

　　「考点解析」这是一道审题定位与中心主旨题。根据本题题干中的“different populations”可将本题的答案信息来源确定在首段的第一句，因为该句中的“all species”实际上指的就是题干中的“different populations”。从第一段的首句入手并且仔细阅读首段的第二句，就可以找出本题的正确选项D，因为该选项所传达的信息与原文第一段第一、二句所传达的信息不一致。考生在解题时一定要学会迅速审题定位的能力。

　　4.「答案」D

　　「考点解析」本题是一道归纳推导题。题干已明确指出该题的答案信息来源在第三段。第三段主要陈述“density-dependent factors”的作用，通过仔细阅读第三段，尤其是第三段的最后三句话，考生可以得知本文作者在第三段是在强调“density-dependent factors”的作用。可见D是本题的正确选项。考生在理解原文时一定要注意掌握归纳推导的能力。

　　5.「答案」D

　　「考点解析」本题是一道写作手法题。这是一道比较难的题目，旨在考察考生的语言功底。本文作者在论述自己的观点时运用了各种写作手段。选项A、B、C中所涉及的内容分别在第一段、第三段和第二段中出现。考生一定要提高对原文各种写作手段的`认识。

　　[参考译文]

　　正如吉尔伯特?怀特、达尔文以及其它科学家很久以前观察的那样，所有的物种都具有一种天生的能力来一代一代地增加它们种群的数量。生态学家的使命就是调查清楚环境和生态因素长期以来是如何控制这种致使种群增长的内在能力的。由于不同种群所表现出来的动态行为是如此多样化，致使这项任务显得非常困难：有些种群长期以来大致保持不变;有些表现出周期性的繁荣和稀少;而还有些变化非常大，时而暴增，时而锐减，这种增减有时显然与气候有关，而有时又与气候无关。

　　为了赋予这些千变万化的模式一种规律，科学家中的一种流派提出将所有种群划分为两类。这部分生态学家假设：那些相对稳定的种群具有和“种群密度相关”的增长参数;也就是说，这些种群的出生率、死亡率以及迁徙规律都大大地依赖于种群的密度。那些变化很大的种群具有“种群密度无关”的增长参数，其生存率随环境因素的变化而变化，并且以一种完全独立于种群密度的方式进行波动。

　　这种二分法有它的用途，但如果死板地应用也会引发一些问题。一方面，没有任何种群在所有的时间里完全只受“种群密度无关”因素的影响。无论出生、死亡率以及迁徙规律相对于长期的平均值的变化是如何的剧烈和不可预测，如果没有种群密度无关因素，从长远来看，这个种群的数量将无限地增加或减少(从而阻碍了得失正好相消的奇迹的发生)。换一句话讲，也许种群内平均99%的死亡都由“种群密度无关”因素导致的，只有1%由随种群密度变化而变化的因素所导致。导致这1%的因素也许看起来并不重要，而且它们的影响也相应地很难确定。但是，无论认识到或没有认识到，它们都将对该种群密度长期的平均值起决定作用。

　　为了能够理解生态学家们研究的性质，我们可以把种群密度相关对增长参数的影响视为一种“信号”，生态学家试图分离并解释这些“信号”，这种“信号”将使种群中个体数量从相对低的数值增长或从相对高的数值减少，同时，密度无关因素将作为一种“噪音”来影响种群的动态变化。对于那些数量保持相对不变，或者以一种循环周期进行摆动的种群而言，这种“信号”将会相当容易提取特征并描述它的影响，即使我们仍不知道作为原因的生物机制。对那些变化不规则的种群，我们可能因为观察太小而无法从繁多的“噪音”中提取那一信号。但是，现在显得很清楚的是，所有种群都受“种群密度相关”和“种群密度无关”两类因素在不同程度上的共同制约。

　　Text 4

　　Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

　　The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English ?D they would rather have stayed home ?D by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

　　Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.

　　Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

　　Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

　　Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text?

　　[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.

　　[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.

　　[C] Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.

　　[D] By the 1730's,migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers.

　　The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to

　　[A] Give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England.

　　[B] Describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States.

　　[C] Take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land.

　　[D] Relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States.

　　Which of the following best summarizes the author's evaluation of Bailyn's fourth proposition?

　　[A] It is totally implausible.

　　[B] It is partially acceptable.

　　[C] It is highly admirable.

　　[D] It is controversial though persuasive.

　　According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England?

　　[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England.

　　[B] The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecognized by historians.

　　[C] The colonists imitated the high culture of England， and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own.

　　[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England.

　　The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyn's work?

　　[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture.

　　[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great Britain.

　　[C] Bailyn's description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect.

　　[D] Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North America.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　「答案」D

　　「考点解析」这是一道审题定位题。题干中的“migrants”一词暗示本题的答案信息在第一段或第三段，因为这两段的首句都含有“migrants”一词。又根据题干中的“supported”一词，我们可以推断出本题的答案信息来源应该在原文的第三段，因为作者应该在第三段提出相应证据来“支持”(supported)自己的观点。通过仔细阅读和理解第三段，尤其是第三段的尾句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是D.考生在解题时一定要有审题定位的能力，更要具备善于理解原文中启承转合所传达的含义。

　　「答案」D

　　「考点解析」这是一道细节理解题。题干中的“failed”一词暗示本题的答案信息应该在尾段，因为尾段中含有“fails”一词。根据阅读和理解首段尾句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是D.考生在解题时一定要善于理解原文中所传达的中心含义。

　　「答案」B

　　「考点解析」本题是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的“Bailyn‘s fourth proposition”将本题的答案信息来源确定在原文的第四段。通过仔细阅读和理解本段的每一句话，尤其是第二、三句话和四、五句话，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是B.考生在解题时一定要善于归纳和推导原文的内容，更要善于体会上下句之间的语意关系。

　　「答案」A

　　「考点解析」这是一道细节推导题。题干中的“culture”一词暗示本题的答案信息来源在第四段，因为第四段首句包含“culture”一词。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话，尤其是第四句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是A.考生在解题时一定要注意原文中重点词语所表达的含义，以及重点词语在选项中的替换形式。

　　「答案」A

　　「考点解析」这是一道审题定位题。题干并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文中的准确位置。在这种情况下，考生一定要抓住全文的中心主旨，以及每段的核心句。本题的答案信息来源在第四段的尾句，这是一个由转折词“however”引导的句子。通过仔细阅读理解本句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是A.考生在解题时一定要重视原文中表达启承转合的词语，因为这往往是出题的重点。

　　[参考译文]

　　Bernard Bailyn最近通过运用关于欧洲移民经历的新的社会研究成果重新解释了美国的早期历史。在他的重新解释中，迁徙成了重写北美前工业化历史的重要依据。其主张可分为四个独立的`观点。

　　第一点断言，近代早期的英国居民经常在乡下流动，因此后来他们迁移到新大陆仅仅是一种“自然外流”。虽然最初时殖民地对英国人没有多少正面的诱惑力?D?D他们宁愿留在本土。到18世纪时，移往美洲的人数却增加了，因为他们将那儿看作是充满机遇的地方。第二，Bailyn认为，和以往美国历史教材中惯用的观念相反，从来就没有过一个典型的新大陆社会，例如，早期新英格兰城镇中的经济和人口特点就很不相同。

　　Bailyn的第三个观点是，成千上万的移民中最常见的是两种普遍类型：一组是签约的仆人，另一组是为土地而来。令人惊异的是：Bailyn认为那些征召签约仆人的人是这种跨越大西洋移民迁徙的推动力。这些殖民地的企业主帮助那些来到前工业化北美社会的人确定其社会属性。起初，成千上万未受过培训的劳动力被征召，然而到了18世纪30年代，美洲雇主开始需求技术熟练的技工。

　　第四，Bailyn提出，殖民地是欧洲文化体系的半开化内地。在坚持殖民地是盎格鲁?D美利坚帝国的一部分这一点上，他无疑是正确的。但是像Bailyn这样，把帝国划分为英国核心和殖民地外围，就贬低了殖民地文化的成就。确实，如Bailyn所说，殖民地的高雅文化不能和英国本土的相比。但是如何看待17世纪的新英格兰呢?移民者在这儿制定了有效的法律，创建了着名的大学，出版了书籍。Bailyn可能会说，新英格兰是个特例。不过，新英格兰清教徒的思想和组织机构对北美文化有着深远的影响。

　　尽管Bailyn不断关注着数万名刚好在革命前夕迁移过来的签约仆人，但他没能把这些人的经历与美国的政治发展结合起来。他的书中有证据表明，我们本来可以建立这样一种联系。在出卖给美洲雇主的时间里，这些签约仆人被看作是奴隶。毫不奇怪，一旦他们服役期满，就会放弃城市里的高薪而走向西部，通过获得土地来保障个人独立。因此，一种特殊的美国政治文化开始于西部，那些怀疑权威和强烈反对贵族统治的移民者之中。

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