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高考英语写作提高的关键之善用句型语法和词汇方法参考
然而,高考写作是有规律可循的。通过恰当的练习,考生们完全可以在较短的时间内取得较大的提高。
高考作文采用总体评分方式,评分标准集中在四个方面:
1.覆盖所有内容要点;
2.应用了较多的语法结构和词汇;
3.在使用复杂结构或高级词汇时允许有些许错误;
4.有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,全文结构紧凑。
大部分考生在句型词汇及句子连接方面达不到要求,导致低分。本文以以下考题为例,谈一谈如何运用较复杂的句型语法结构和词汇。
考题:
假设你是李华,你的澳大利亚朋友Dick听说中国的中小学正在减轻学生的学习负担, 来信询问有关情况。请你根据下表提供的信息,写一封回信,谈一谈减负给你的学习和生活带来的变化。
周末活动 (减负前) 周末活动:(减负后)
白天: 上课,做作业 白天: 餐馆博物馆,学习电脑,绘画
晚上: 做作业 晚上: 看新闻,读书,看报
就寝时间: 11:30 就寝时间: 10:00
注意:
1.词数为100左右
2.开头已为你写好
3.生词: 减轻学习负担—reduce learning load
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again…….
当年大部分考生只是对图表进行了简单的翻译,导致文章异常单调、重复,分数很不理想。如何才能在简单的内容上运用较复杂的句型词汇呢?考生在写“减负前”的情况时只会简单地写: I always had classes and did homework in the daytime and did homework at night. I often went to bed at 11:30. 这无异于简单机械地翻译中文!得分可想而知!
其实考生完全可以使用学过的比较复杂的句型语法结构。例如我们可以使用too…to句型:I was too busy having classes and doing homework at weekends to go to bed before 11:30. 我们也可以使用定语从句: I used to spend whole weekends attending classes and doing homework, which often kept me up until 11:30 at night. 我们还可以使用倒装句:Not until 11:30 PM could I go to bed because I had to finish my homework after having lessons by day. 或者:So busy was I attending classes and doing homework that I could not go to sleep before 11:30 at night. 我们甚至还可以使用拟人手法:Weekends used to find me attending school and doing homework.
由此读者可以看出:高分和低分的作文的区别主要体现在语言形式方面。故考生努力的方向就应该是有意识地,恰当地使用比较复杂的句型语法和词汇。读者应先培养这种意识,然后进行大量练习。下面的练习重点训练的就是句型词汇和有效连接,请读者不要进行简单的翻译,而是通读上下文,尽量多地使用复杂多样的句型词汇。
考题填空。
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again.
1.过去______________, I used to have classes all day and do homework at night. And I didn’t go to bed until 11:30.
2.连接词______________, nowadays, I have more time做我想做的_______________________________________________________________.
周末变得更加丰富多彩了_________________________________________________________________.
3.白天___________________________, I often visit museums or 学电脑及绘画____________________________________________________.
使用拟人句_________________________________________________________________.
4.In the evening,使用either…or句型_________________________________________________________________.
5.而且________________________________________________, I go to bed/sleep earlier than before—at ten o’clock.
6.发挥一句I hope __________________________________________________________________.
参考答案:
1.过去In the past , I used to have classes all day and do homework at night. And I didn’t go to bed until 11:30.
2.连接词Fortunately/ However, nowadays, I have more time 做我想做的to do what I desire/like/ choose/ want/ prefer/am fond of .周末更加丰富多彩了the weekends have become more interesting/fun/ less tiring/ no longer study-centered/ exam-oriented .
3.白天In the daytime/ during the day, I often visit museums or 学电脑及绘画learn computer and drawing/go to computer and drawing lessons.
使用拟人句 Daytime finds me visiting museums or learning computer and drawing.
4.In the evening, 使用either…or句型I can either watch news reports or read newspapers and books.
5.而且What is more/In addition/ Besides/ More importantly, I go to bed/sleep earlier than before—at ten o’clock.
6.发挥一句I hope things won’t have to change in the future/ can become even better/ the learning load could be further reduced. I hope you are also enjoying pleasant weekends now.
初中英语满分作文必备短语句型 It takes sb sometime to do sth.
It takes sb sometime to do sth. 花费某人...时间做某事
1. 考点:take 后接人,再接某物,动词用to do的用法
2. 必备例句:
It will take the workers two years to build the bridge.
工人们用两年时间建造了这座大厦。
It took her 3 months to do this experiment.
她花了三个月来做实验。
3. 扩展: “四朵金花”(take,spend,pay,cost)的用法讲解
第一朵:take. take后面常跟双宾语,常见用法有以下几种:
(1)It takes sb. +时间+to do sth.
例:It took them three years to build this road.
修这条路,他们花了三年时间。
(2)Sth.takes sb.+时间, 做某事花了某人多少时间。
例:Repairing this car took him the whole
afternoon.
修这辆车他们花了整个下午。
第二朵:spend .spend的主语必须是人, 常用于以下结构:
(1)spend time /money on sth. 在……上花费时间(金钱)。
例:I spent two hours on this maths problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。
(2)spend time / money (in) doing sth. 花费时间(金钱)做某事。
例:They spent two years (in) building this bridge.
造这座桥花了他们两年时间。
(3)spend money for sth. 花钱买……。
例:His money was spent for books.
他的钱用来买书了。
第三朵:pay的基本用法是:
(1)pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买……。
例:I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room
each month.
我每个月要付20英磅的房租。
(2)pay for sth. 付……的钱。
例:I have to pay for the book lost.
我不得不赔丢失的书款。
(3)pay for sb. 替某人付钱。
例:Don not worry! I'll pay for you.
别担心,我会给你付钱的。
(4)pay sb. 付钱给某人。
例: They pay us every month.
他们每月给我们报酬。
(5)pay money back 还钱。
例:May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it
back nextweek.
你能借给我12块钱吗?下周还你。
(6)pay off one's money还清钱
第四朵:cost的主语是物或某种活动, 还可以表示“值”, 常见用法如下:
(1)sth. costs (sb.) +金钱,某物花了(某人)多少钱。
例:A new computer costs a lot of money.
买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。
(2)(doing) sth. costs (sb.) +时间,某物(做某事)花了(某人)多少时间。
例:Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.
他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。
英语四级作文解析
英语四级作文不理想的原因很多,总的看来主要有以下几个方面的问题:
第一、英语底子太薄。底子太薄主要表现为对语法知识掌握不牢及对基本词汇记忆不清。它包括定冠词和不定冠词的滥用,主谓不一致,单复数搞不清楚(例如:a people等),时态和语态混乱及词语的各种形式掌握不牢。有的学生文章写得很长,字迹也很工整,但是读完之后只觉得思路紊乱,支离破碎,没有一个完整的句子,所以也就只能得两三分以慰劳苦。
第二、词汇量太小,且对已学词汇记忆不清。除了底子太薄这个历史原因之外,学生词汇量太小也是一个不容忽视的原因。有的学生汉语功底很好,用汉语作文,他们就会思如泉涌,下笔千言,但是一到用英语作文就好像被缚住了手脚,不知如何下手。比如99年1月的作文,题目是"Don''t Hesitate to Say No", 大部分学生能够领会题意并能按给出的汉语提纲作文,但有的学生连Hesitate是什么意思都不知道,更不用说在此基础上再作发挥了。另外有的学生虽然对题目及要求非常清楚,但是因为自己所掌握的词汇所限,无法用一些合适的词来表达自己的思想,于是只有绕着题目翻来覆去乱说一气,再加上这次出的作文提纲就象一道绕口令:
1、 别人请求帮助时,在什么情况下我们会说“不”;
2、 为什么有些人在该说“不”的时候不说“不”;
3、 该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处。
所以在说过一个又一个的"No"再加几个"Yes"之后,阅卷老师也给搞得云里雾里,头脑发胀,最后也只得酌情给个两三分罢了。还有的一写到纸上就是错字别字满篇,有些词汇的用法也走了样。其中最典型的就是for example写成example for , for instance写成for a instance, illegal 写成unlegle, 而such as, in spite of 等许多短语则是乱用一气。词汇的有限导致许多学生有口难言,欲说不能,对他们来说,用英语作文实在是一件很头疼的事情。
第三、缺乏思想,深度不够。99年1月的考试中很大一部分学生不能得高分还有一个重要的原因,就是他们的作文缺乏思想,深度不够。很多学生虽然已是大二的学生,甚至是大三大四的学生,但是他们在作文当中所表现出的智力水平与阅历似乎只相当于一个初高中生。写出的文章着眼点低,视野狭窄。作为学生,作文着眼于学生之间的关系,反映学生之间的帮忙,这并不为过,但是这种帮忙不能仅仅限于在考试当中的帮忙,而且对这种帮忙都是一句话 "Don''t hesitate to say ''No''"。更有相当一部分学生在文章中写帮忙就是这一次四级考试当中的帮忙。与在校考生比较起来,社会考生应该多了许多社会阅历,也多了一些见解,但是举出来的例子也是范围太窄,大多是讲老板或领导让干的事只能答 "Yes"而不能回答 "No"。其实除了这些,可举的例子很多,关键是要抓住实质。
第四、缺乏应试技巧。缺乏应试技巧,主要表现为有些学生在篇首或篇尾有喊口号倾向(如Dear Friends, let''s not hesitate to say"No"),或画蛇添足,本来文章该结束了却偏要罗罗嗦嗦再来两句多余的话;另外一些学生字数把握不准,不是写得太短就是写得太长,写得太短的会因为字数不够而失分,太长的又因为阅卷老师任务繁重,时间窘迫,不能因为一篇文章乱了整个阅卷节奏。还有一些学生的笔迹(尤其是用纯蓝墨水钢笔和出水太浅的圆珠笔写的),让阅卷老师怎么也看不清楚。
以上是四级英语考试中常见的几个问题,更是我们平时英语作文当中应该注意的几个方面。要写好一篇英语文章,关键要在平时下功夫,打好牢固的基础,但是如果这一功夫在使用的时候不讲技巧,不但不能事半功倍地发挥出最高技巧,取得最佳成绩,甚至可能出现与实际水平相去甚远的低成绩。因此,上面讲到的四个问题应该是相辅相成,缺一不可的,做到了这几点,写出一篇好的大学英语四级作文应该是不难的。
考研英语作文开头段万能模板句
开头段一定要语言精练,并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨,具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。
开头段的常用核心句型:
1.The arguer may be right about…, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (takes into account) the fact that…
2.As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly / generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas / views), I believe (argue) that…
3.Although many people believe that…, I doubt (wonder)whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination).
4.The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A.
5.Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that…, it is unlikely to be true that…
6.There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that…
7.It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,)…, but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesn‘t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won‘t be the case) that…
8.The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that…
9.It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that…, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that…
10.In all the discussion and debate over…, one important (basic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected).
11.There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that…
12.Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) when…is taken into consideration(account).
13.To assume (suggest) that…is far from being proved (to miss the point).
14.A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless /fallacious) it is.
15.On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that…
16.Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to)…may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts…
17.The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that…
18.What the arguer fails to understand (consider / mention) is that…
19.However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.
20.Among the most convincing (important) reasons given (cited / offered / identified) by people for…, one should be stressed (emphasized / mentioned).
21.As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that…
22.I believe that the title statement is valid because (of)…
23.I agree with the above statement because I believe that…
24.Although I appreciate that…, I cannot agree with the title statement.
25.There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of… Those who object to…argue that…. But people who favor…, on the other hand, argue that…
26.Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a(n) general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)…
27.Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that…. But I wonder (doubt) whether…
28.These days we are often told that (often hear about)…, but is this really the case?
高考英语写作专题训练:议论文
高考英语写作专题训练:议论文
重点诠释:
1.议论文是以议论为主要表达方式的一种文体,它通过摆事实,讲道理的方式来辩明是非曲折,从而表达出作者的观点。它常由论点,论据和论证三部分构成。
2.在近几年的高考书面表达中,其主要命题形式是以表格式和提纲式来呈现写作材料的。
3.它要求语言必须简练,准确,要尽可能避免使用口语,多用书面语,可适当使用名言警句;以议论为主,辅之以叙述,说明和描写等手法。
4.写作时要围绕中心论点展开议论,即论据和论证要围绕论点展开。根据题目要求,有时需要从正反两面来论述,可增强论证的力度。最后,可得出结论,照应开头,形成一个有机的整体。
5.写作时常以三段式的形式展开议论。
高中英语作文之词句篇亮点
书面表达评分标准“最高档”要求:“应用了较多的语法结构或词汇;语法结构或词汇方面有少许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。”从历年书面表达高分文章来看,每篇文章都有“亮”点,即在用词、造句或段落安排上都有独到之处。
要想获得高分就应在“正确”表达的基础上写出自己的特色,写出自己的“亮”点。
一、词汇选择——标新立异
在写作中“较高级词汇”的使用主要是指使用《大纲》上没有的词语、使用通过构词法变化来的新词、使用同(近)义词或反义词等来代替常见词语。
1)这栋房子在芳草街的一栋楼上。
A: The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street.
B: The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street.
分析:is in是常见词语,而situates in则是《大纲》上没有的,属于高级词汇。
2)在周末我们做很多作业。
A: At weekends, we have a lot of homework to do.
B: At weekends, we have endless homework to do.
分析:B句在表达时没有使用过于直接的a lot of,而是使用了endless。endless就是由《大纲》词汇end加后缀-less变化来的。
3)洗澡间和厨房都很好。
A: The bathroom and the kitchen are good.
B. The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.
在表达要点时,B句使用了well furnished,这比good语气强,也显得生动。
在造句时,“较高级词汇”如能运用贴切自然,哪怕整篇文章只用上一个,也会使你的作文显示出与众不同。
二、结构造句——与众不同
在造句时,既要使句子生动,又要使其简明扼要。
1、使用与人不同的表达方式,特别是提倡打破汉语句子结构的束缚而重组的句子更受欢迎。
1)唐山曾在二十世纪八十年代发生过一次大地震。
A: There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1980s.
B: A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan in the 1980s.
大多数同学使用了there be结构,这是对的,但是B句却摒弃了常见句式。另辟蹊径而使用了“主语+谓语+宾语”结构,且使用了terrible,hit/strike这样的词汇,更是难能可贵的。
2)你八月十五日的来信我今天早晨收到了。
A:I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning.(多数人使用的方式)
B: Your letter of August 15th reached/ got to me this morning.(与多数人使用的方式不同,简洁)
2.使用一些强势句式,如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等,增强语句的表现力。如:
3)阿福救了我妹妹。
A: Ah Fu saved my sister.(一般句式)
B: It was Ah Fu that saved my sister.(强调句式)
4)我们看到庄稼和蔬菜长势喜人很是高兴。
A: We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well.(一般陈述句)
B: How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing well.(感叹句)
3、句式多样,复杂得体。在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型,而应注意句式的变化,如长短句结合,简单句、并列句与复合句共用,还可使用简化句等;一些较复杂的结构如独立主格,分词结构等也可使用。下面的表达中A句简单句多,而且多处使用there be结构,显得单调、乏味,而B句就有自己的特色(请同学们自己分析)。
5)这是一套25平方米的住房,住房里面有卧室、有洗澡间、有厨房;卧室里有床、沙发、桌子和椅子等。
A: It's a flat of 25 square metres. There is a bedroom in the flat. There is a bathroom and a kitchen in it, too. In the bedroom, there is a bed; there is a sofa, a desk and a chair as well.
B: It's a flat of 25 square metres, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair.
三、布局谋篇——独具匠心
在写作中,我们可按时间、空间或其它逻辑顺序来安排各要点,同时为使主题突出,结构严谨,我们应注意学习和使用交代句以及段落的主题句等。在布局谋篇上,2002高考范文堪称典范。请看:
Opinions are pided on the question.
60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.
On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardens and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.
1)该文使用Opinions are pided...作交代句,开门见山,随后两个段落均使用了主题句(见黑体字部分),使全文结构紧凑,表达严谨。
2)在表述要点时范文还对要点出场顺序作了调整,如“40%的同学认为应收门票,但不宜过高。”前部分作为主题句放在句首,而后部分另起一句放在句末:They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.这样就分清了轻重缓急,主题突出,条理清楚。
3)范文使用了and, what is more, however等连词,在段落之间使用了on the other hand(说明前后两个观点是相悖的),这些连接手段的运用加强了句子之间、段落之间的联系,使文章表达连贯,浑然一体。
4)范文在第二段为说明不收门票的“原因”时增加了Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.等细节,这也是解决句与句之间缺少连贯性的常见方法。
总之,要想使自己的文章有亮点,吸引读者,在考试中获得高分,就应在用词、造句、谋篇上下功夫,哪怕是有一处特长都是“亮”点,都是值得肯定的。
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