2016托福考试阅读背景材料：文化背景决定工作理念

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　　同学们在备考托福阅读过程中，多做一些托福阅读练习是很有必要的。今天小编为同学们带来的是文化背景决定工作理念的相关内容，阅读考试中极有可能当作背景材料。下面，和小编一起来看看吧

2016托福考试阅读背景材料：文化背景决定工作理念

　　在许多企业文化中，“团队合作”被视为非常重要的组成部分，优秀的“团队合作”精神也被视为一个好员工必须具备的。而不同的人对于“团队合作”的看法和期望又是由什么决定的呢?

　　一篇文章称，在不同文化生活的人对工作的理解也不一样。例如，人们对“团队合作”就有不同的期望。

　　A new article in a special section on Culture and Psychology in Perspectives on Psychological Science， a journal of the Associationfor Psychological Science， explains that people in different cultures think about work in different ways.日前，一篇刊登在美国心理科学联合会的学术期刊《心理科学视角》文化与心理版块的文章称，在不同文化生活的人对工作的理解也不一样。

　　For example， people have different expectations about teamwork， says Cristina B. Gibson， of the University of Western Australia.例如，人们对“团队合作”就有不同的期望，西澳大学教授克里斯蒂娜-B-吉布森说道。

　　Gibson has interviewed people to understand how they conceptualizeteams. “In the US， people used a lot of sports metaphors. Elsewhere， that just wasn't a common metaphor.” In Latin America， for example， many people talked about the work team as a family.吉布森调查了人们对于“团队合作”这一概念的认识。“在美国，人们使用很多体育方面的比喻。而在其他地方就不是一个普通的比喻了。”例如在拉丁美洲，很多人把“团队合作”看做是一个“家”。

　　“If you just use those two contrasts and think about what you might expect from your family versus what you might expect from your sports team， you start to see the differences.” Families are involved in all parts of your life， and are expected to celebrate with you socially.“Your involvementin your sports team is more limited. Less caretaking， more competitive.”

　　“如果你对比这两种认识，想想你能从家庭看到什么以及能从体育团队看到什么，就会看出差别来。”“家”涉及你生活的方方面面，并且就社会层面上与你共享成功的喜悦。“而你在体育团队中的参与度是有限的。关爱更少，竞争更多。”

　　Another example is in the realm of leadership. Many people assume that charismaticleadership is a good thing - using a strong personality to inspire loyalty in others. But that's not going to work for everyone， Gibson says. “The very same behaviors that are deemed desirablefrom a leader in one culture might be viewed as interference or micromanagementin other settings.”

　　另外一个例子便是人们对“领导”的理解。许多人认为有魅力的领导作风是件好事——用人格魅力激发员工的忠诚。但吉布森称这并不对每个人都管用。“同样的行为，在一种文化中被看做是领导者的必备素质，在另一种文化中却成了干涉或是微观管理。”

　　And as this research continues， she says， people should consider that cultures can vary a lot within countries， too， especially as large numbers of people continue to migrate between countries. “We can‘t make these assumptions that everybody in the US is like this and everybody in China is like that.”

　　吉布森还称，随着研究的进行，尤其是随着庞大数目的移民持续在国家间流动，人们需要意识到一国内部文化的多元性。“我们不能假设在美国的所有人都是这样的，或者假设中国的所有人全都是那样的。”

　　相关阅读：

　　托福阅读考前点睛系列：否定信息题

　　在新托福考试当中，阅读是第一个部分，一共会考到3篇或者4篇文章，每篇文章700-800字左右，每篇文章之后会有13-14个题目。很多同学面对这样托福阅读文章，感觉无从下手，甚至有时即使看懂了文章，题目也无法选对，那么应该如何应对这种情况呢?在这个系列中，老师分别给大家就托福阅读的具体解题技巧进行剖析讲解，作为考前冲刺，给大家考试助力，点睛指导!

　　这里我们继续介绍新托福的另外一种题型：

　　Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )

　　首先我们来介绍一下否定信息题，Negative Factual Information questions。

　　这种题型的提问方式一般为：

　　l According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true of X?

　　l The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT ?

　　在解答这种题目的时候首先要注意的是避免惯性思维的影响。在前面讲过的所有题目当中，或者是平时大家的做题习惯当中，我们都是看到与原文相符或者和原文一样的选项就选，但是到了这个题目，需要选择不属于题干内容或者与原文相反的选项，这是需要注意的一点。

　　一般这种题目的定位范围都在原文的某一个或者两个自然段，所以第一步需要的就是根据题目大定位到某个自然段，然后根据选项特征对应原文进行选题。我们来看一个例题：

　　Paragraph 7: The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

　　Paragraph 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

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