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2016年3月托福考试必做真题
以下是小编整理的2016年2月27日托福考试的真题，希望对参加3月份及之后的考生提供到帮助。
阅读部分
第一篇
题材划分：动物类
主要内容：动物灭绝
讲的是大型动物的灭绝。第一题问哪里的动物灭绝率高。文章讲到两个可能的因素。第一点说可能是因为气候的变化，但是有反驳说不对，动物都能迁徙到适合的地方，但事实是有些动物没走。举了一个例子，这里也有题。第二点说可能是人类的捕杀，但是有证据表明人类比较少，居住也很分散，而且大多证据都是小型动物，没有大型动物。也举了个例子，是澳大利亚，也有题。然后这段末尾有个词汇题。最后一段总结概括说其实可能两种因素都有，需综合考虑，可能是共同作用的结果。
相似TPO练习推荐：
Official Model Exam-MeteoriteImpact and Dinosaur Extinction
TPO-8 Extinction of the Dinosaurs
TPO-15 Mass Extinctions
相关背景知识：
Habitat degradation is currently the mainanthropogenic cause of species extinctions. The main cause of habitatdegradation worldwide is agriculture, with urban sprawl, logging, mining andsome fishing practices close behind. The degradation of a species' habitat mayalter the fitness landscape to such an extent that the species is no longerable to survive and becomes extinct. This may occur by direct effects, such asthe environment becoming toxic, or indirectly, by limiting a species' abilityto compete effectively for diminished resources or against new competitorspecies.
Habitat degradation through toxicity can killoff a species very rapidly, by killing all living members through contaminationor sterilizing them. It can also occur over longer periods at lower toxicitylevels by affecting life span, reproductive capacity, or competitiveness.
Habitat degradation can also take the form ofa physical destruction of niche habitats. The widespread destruction oftropical rainforests and replacement with open pastureland is widely cited asan example of this; elimination of the dense forest eliminated theinfrastructure needed by many species to survive. For example, a fern thatdepends on dense shade for protection from direct sunlight can no longersurvive without forest to shelter it. Another example is the destruction ofocean floors by bottom trawling.
Diminished resources or introduction of newcompetitor species also often accompany habitat degradation. Global warming hasallowed some species to expand their range, bringing unwelcome competition toother species that previously occupied that area. Sometimes these newcompetitors are predators and directly affect prey species, while at othertimes they may merely outcompete vulnerable species for limited resources.Vital resources including water and food can also be limited during habitatdegradation, leading to extinction.
There have been at least five massextinctions in the history of life on earth, and four in the last 350 millionyears in which many species have disappeared in a relatively short period ofgeological time. A massive eruptive event is considered to be one likely causeof the "Permian–Triassic extinction event" about 250 million yearsago, which is estimated to have killed 90% of species then existing. There isalso evidence to suggest that this event was preceded by another massextinction, known as Olson's Extinction. The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinctionevent occurred 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, andis best known for having wiped out non-avian dinosaurs, among many otherspecies.
第二篇
题材划分：艺术类
主要内容：活字印刷
活字印刷，第一段说活字印刷的前提有一点是造纸术，然后说造纸术从中国引进到意大利 (有题)，然后讲在意大利这个虽然纸造出来容易受损(词汇题)，但是很方便。后面讲了制作的方法(有题)，之后讲了这个技术传到了德国，并产生一些影响。举了一个例子(有题)，然后，活字印刷发明出来了，对这些造书有影响(有题)。然后说有一个圣经特别贵，只有有钱人有地位的人才能买(有题)一共只生产了187本。
相似TPO练习推荐：
TPO34-Islamic Art and the Book
相关知识背景：
Movable type is the system ofprinting and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elementsof a document (usually individual letters or punctuation).
The world's first known movable type system for printingwas made of ceramic materials and created in China around A.D 1040 by Bi Sheng(990–1051) during the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127). In 1377, the firstmetallic types were invented in Goryeo Dynasty in Korea, which were used toprint Jikji, which is the oldest extant movable metal print book. The diffusionof both movable-type systems was, however, limited. They were expensive, andrequired an enormous amount of labour involved in manipulating the thousands ofceramic tablets, or in the case of Korea, metal tablets, required for scriptsbased on the Chinese writing system, which have thousands of characters.
Around 1450 Johannes Gutenberg made a mechanical metalmovable-type printing press in Europe, along with innovations in casting thetype based on a matrix and hand mould. The more limited number of charactersneeded for European languages was an important factor. Gutenberg was the firstto create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony—and thesematerials remained standard for 550 years.
For alphabetic scripts, movable-type page setting wasquicker than woodblock printing. The metal type pieces were more durable andthe lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The highquality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established thesuperiority of movable type in Europe and the use of printing presses spreadrapidly. The printing press may be regarded as one of the key factors fosteringthe Renaissance and due to its effectiveness, its use spread around the globe.
The 19th-century invention of hot metal typesettingand its successors caused movable type to decline in the 20th century.
第三篇
题材划分：自然环境
主要内容：海洋和大气的形成
讲的是海洋和大气的形成。第一段是引入部分，有个句子插入题。讲到了很久以前地球基本是液体，后来慢慢固化。从第一段末尾开始有题。然后说海洋和大气层可能是一起形成的，但是有反驳观点说温度太高吧。后来又说整个水的循环大概一百万年循环一次吧。地下水其实比海洋水要多，这里也有题。最后一段说的是会有地下水慢慢出来变成海洋水，这里也有题。但是科学家并不知道到底地下水有没有循环过。
相似TPO练习推荐：
TPO-23 UrbanClimates
相关知识背景：
Oceancurrents greatly affect Earth's climate by transferring heat from the tropicsto the polar regions. Transferring warm or cold air and precipitation tocoastal regions, winds may carry them inland. Surface heat and freshwaterfluxes create global density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulationpart of large-scale ocean circulation. It plays an important role in supplyingheat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation. Changes in thethermohaline circulation are thought to have significant impacts on Earth'senergy budget. In so far as the thermohaline circulation governs the rate atwhich deep waters reach the surface, it may also significantly influenceatmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
For adiscussion of the possibilities of changes to the thermohaline circulationunder global warming, see shutdown of thermohaline circulation.
It isoften stated that the thermohaline circulation is the primary reason that theclimate of Western Europe is so temperate. An alternate hypothesis claims thatthis is largely incorrect, and that Europe is warm mostly because it liesdownwind of an ocean basin, and because atmospheric waves bring warm air northfrom the subtropics.
TheAntarctic Circumpolar Current encircles that continent, influencing the area'sclimate and connecting currents in several oceans.
One ofthe most dramatic forms of weather occurs over the oceans: tropical cyclones(also called "typhoons" and "hurricanes" depending uponwhere the system forms).
Atmosphericcirculation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and themeans (with ocean circulation) by which heat is distributed around Earth. Thelarge-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year,but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined byEarth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equatorand poles.
听力部分
Conversation 1
有个女生帮他们宿舍咨询一个non credit art class，那女生本来以为不要钱，结果前台说其实是要收费的，一个40刀一个100刀，因为材料要收费，学生可以打折，然后其中一个课是在学校外面，是一个退休老教授授课，由于校内要供学生们上课，一直没空，所以只能在校外上。前台问女生是自己要来上课吗，女生说不是，她是帮他们寝室问的。最后就是关于schedule的一些信息，女生说她正好值日，干脆拿一些poster回去，让室友得到信息。
-TPO部分对应参考 (TPO26-C1)
Lecture 1
心理学，讲大脑结构和行为的关系。先说蝙蝠，靠听力而不是视力捕食，所以大脑管听力部分发达。然后说一种鸟藏食物到很多地方，但是每个地方都找得到，研究表明它大脑中管特殊记忆的地方比较大，然后又说同一种类的鸟管特殊记忆的部分有大有小，提出是否后天行为影响大脑结构。于是做了一组实验，同一种鸟分成两组，实验组没有足够食物，鸟需要收集然后找地方藏，对照组有很多食物，不需要藏食物，研究发现实验组鸟的大脑中特殊记忆部分长大了。然后又提出人的大脑是不是也是这样受行为影响大脑结构，举了个伦敦出租车司机的例子，说出租车司机因为要认路，所以特殊记忆的地方大。又做了另一组实验，出租车司机和普通人，共同点是都是右撇子，都是年纪相仿的人，并不是说有记忆天赋的人去当出租车司机就越好，而是当司机的时间越久，这一块就越发达，是后天形成的。
-TPO部分对应参考(TPO10-L4;TPO15-L1;)
Lecture 2
天文学，关于Mars上水的问题，开始在一个Valley看到了两种有水的特征，其中一个是delta。但是科学家一直记得是N不是P，因为N warm and wet, P cold and dry，但是实际是P。一个女生问为什么变成冰升华的那么快，教授觉得这个不重要，重要的是，有水就有生命，因为地球就是以前这样，期待火星的发现。-TPO部分对应参考(OGTEST2; TPO19-L2)
Conversation 2
男生想以后当writer想要参加一个比赛，professor开始还担心说报告两周前就结束了，男生说他报了，而且过了初审，问professor能不能给他建议，professor说不行啊，她是评委不能这么干，但是建议他去找她以前的同事，这个人的方法很特别把日常对话融入演讲中，特别nature，跟观众有互动。
-TPO部分对应参考(TPO10-C1)
Lecture 3
生物学，讲美国曾经有片大草原，现在长满了针叶林，为什么会这样，因为这种针叶树有特殊的细胞，耐旱，根很发达，会找水源。曾经有野火少，但是因为农业发展，cattle把草都吃了所以火烧不起来了，人类也有意识防止森林火灾，野火被控制后，这树又疯长，抵死了另一种灌木林，说了这种树对环境的影响，提到某种鸟类，鸟少了是因为树木代替了shrub，而shrub是它筑巢吃饭的依靠，而且树为predator提供庇护，所以鸟类数量有所减少。最后出题了，说人们现在在采取行动限制树木生长，而这个代价是值得的。
-TPO部分对应参考(TPO32-L3)
Lecture 4
电影历史，卢米埃两兄弟。说电影是他们发明的，但是之前爱迪生发明了西洋镜。他们老爸是开照相馆的，有一天买回了一台西洋镜，可以播放会动的图片，但只能一个人看而且时间短。他们爸说，不妨在里面加上电源，于是第一台projector发明了。然后卢米埃开始拍电影，但是只拍猫啊狗啊马啊火车之类的，自己不想去控制电影的发展，是不可预测的，观众新奇了一会儿表示很无聊。这个时候另一个叫乔治的出来了，他拍的电影有意思多了，大受欢迎。然而卢米埃兄弟坚持只拍教育、记录之类的影片，而不做娱乐片。
-TPO部分对应参考(TPO3-L2)
口语部分
Task1
Question: One of your friends is usually exhausted forhis work. What suggestions will you give to him if he wants to cultivate somepersonal interests?
Well, I wouldlike to give him advice from several aspects.
Firstly, hecould be stressed mentally to some extend. I may suggest him to go for a walkafter work everyday before going to finish or prepare stuff as often to refreshhis mind, like pressing the reset button on him.
Secondly, hisdaily routine could be a factor that causes his exhaustion after or duringwork. I would more likely to accompany him to workout in a gym to see if he canstrengthen his muscle groups to be resistant to his painstaking job.
Task 2
Question:Some people believe that it is the innate talents make a person an artist.While others think that it is the efforts a person put in that make the personan artist. Which do you prefer and why?
In terms ofthe nature or nurture problem, I may say it’s the mutual influence that makes aperson an artist. However, I think the inborn talent is more crucial than thatof the effort.
Firstly, artappreciation requires an advanced value and an appreciation system, which arenot frequently seen among the public and it is different from other tasks thatthe experiences could be accumulated over the course of lifetime.
Secondly, theprimitive attitude toward art and ability in approaching an art piece cannot beacquired in a systematical learning.
Task 3
Listening: School is planning to open a 24-7 store toprovide commodities that students actually need. The boy agrees that it is agreat idea to open a 24h store for he could buy drugs like aspirin when had aheadache otherwise it is going to be troublesome to see a store closed at thattime. Besides, what if the printer is out of printing ink? They can go straightto get what the urgently need.
Task 4
The lectureillustrates the relationship between a group of migrating animals and a kind ofplant named nectar corridor over the course of migration.
The bat areeager to find food supplements during the migration stage of dessert whilethere is a plant which could provide the bat with its dew so as to let the batspread its pollen to further places.
Task 5
The problemof the boy is that he is going to have a group project on the night where hisfather’s 5o year birthday is and he is now irresolute.
The firstsolution to the problem is to ask his group members to help to finish theproject since the boy has already done enough work in the group. However it iskind of unfair for the rest of the group the take the burden of his.
The secondsolution is to finish the group project earlier so as to celebrate his father’s50th birthday later but it will probably let his father down.
I personallywould suggest him to finish the project beforehand. Though he is going to be alittle bit late for his father’s birthday celebration, I believe his fatherwould understand if he could tell the truth in advance.
Task 6
Thesephotographers’ attitudes toward industrialization are changing graduallythrough time between 19th century and 20th century.
A photo presents a picture offarmers working on the field without machineries. While another photo shows ascenery of an alignment of machineries stand inside of a factory under thesunlight.
It turns out that photographers arechanging from praising the harmony between men and nature to sing for themodern industrialization.
写作部分
综合写作 是否应该保护土拨鼠
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Topic 议题whether people should protect prairie dogs |
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Reading |
Listening |
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Thesis 总论点 |
There are three reasons to illustrate the bad effects brought by those prairie dogs. |
The messages mentioned in the reading are misleading. |
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Sub-point1 分论点1 |
They are agricultural pests because they will compete with cattle for grass. |
The agricultural pests view is outdated. On the one hand, prairie dogs have changed their diets. On the other hand, cattle now feed on some specific areas. So there is no competitive relation between them. What’s more, the burrowing of prairie dogs does not harm the growth of grass, but in fact makes the land fertile, which facilitates the grass growth. |
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Sub-point2 分论点2 |
The fleas they carry can cause bacterial disease. |
The incidence of a disease is very low. In the past 15 years, only 10 people got infected. |
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Sub-point 3 分论点3 |
Protecting them hardly brings benefits to the ecosystem, so it is more worth protecting large mammals. |
They do goods to the ecosystem. First, The burrows underground prairie dogs big are habitats of other animals such as snakes. Second, they are also food resources of large animals such as foxes. The disappearing of prairies dogs will endanger those species. |
Sample answer:
The reading puts forward threereasons to illustrate the bad effects brought by those prairie dogs. However, theprofessor refutes these three strongly.
Firstly, the reading claims prairiedogs are agricultural pests because they will compete with cattle for grass. Incontrast, the professor argues that the agricultural pests view is outdated. Onthe one hand, prairie dogs have changed their diets. On the other hand, cattlenow feed on some specific areas. So there is no competitive relation betweenthem. What’s more, the burrowing of prairie dogs does not harm the growth ofgrass, but in fact makes the land fertile, which facilitates the grass growth.
Secondly, in the reading, itsuggests the fleas they carry can cause bacterial disease. However, theprofessor disagrees, for the incidence of a disease is very low. In the past 15years, only 10 people got infected.
Finally, the reading suggeststhat protecting them hardly brings benefits to the ecosystem, so it is moreworth protecting large mammals. But the professor argues that they do goods tothe ecosystem. First, the burrows underground prairie dogs big are habitats ofother animals such as snakes. Second, they are also food resources of largeanimals such as foxes. The disappearing of prairies dogs will endanger thosespecies.
独立写作：
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作文题目：
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High school students should be required to study many different subjects at same time or they should study only three or four subjects at a time. |
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题型类别:
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利弊类 |
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题材类别： |
二选一 |
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相关旧题： |
无 |
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写作思路：
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高中生应该同时学多门课还是每次只学几门课，如果选前者可以从不同科目间都是相互相成的等角度学；如果选后者，可以从个人注意力有限、学习的效率、学习讲究循序渐进及课外活动的重要性等角度出发。 |
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写作指导：
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选择同时学多门课：
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词汇拓展： |
distract from 分散 low efficiency 低效 contradict 矛盾 interweave 交织 facilitate the assimilation of knowledge 促进知识吸收 reciprocate 互惠 mutually beneficial 互利的 be confined to 局限于 motivate／stimulate 激发 coordinate 使协调 |
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