初中英语八种时态汇总训练
时态在英语学习中是最基础的部分,为了帮助大家更好备考初中英语, 下面是yjbys网小编提供给大家关于初中英语八种时态汇总训练,希望对大家的备考有所帮助。
一、一般现在时
(一)基本结构
一般现在时除主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要加s外,一律用动词原形。
例句:
I go to school at 6 every morning. 每天早上我七点去上学。
Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 我在小学就学过地球是围绕太阳转的。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
(二)时态详解
主要用于下面几情况:
1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。
在这种情景中,句子常带有表示频率的时间状语:always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等,以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如:
They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。
She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信,仅一月一封而已。
I cycle to work every day .我每天骑自行车上班。
It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。
2)仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。
这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态",其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如:
He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。
That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
She majors in music .她主修音乐。
All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。
My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。
3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。
顾名思义,客观的情况是"没有时间概念"的;也"不会在意动作进行的状态"。例如:
The sun rises in the east .日出东方。
The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。
Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。
The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。
4) 根据英文语法规定,当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时,那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如:
I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时,我将告诉他这个消息。
If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.
如果你接受这份工作,他们将和你谈谈细节。
用于一般现在时的副词,除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外,常见的还有:now, today , nowadays等等。
(三)一般现在时表示过去
1. 用于某些动词(tell, say, hear, learn, gather等)表示不确定的过去时间。如:
I hear that he got married last month. 我听说他上个月结婚了。
Mary says you told her to come over here. 玛丽说是你让她到这儿来的。
2. 当要陈述一个客观事实时,有时即使有过去时间状语也可用一般现在时。如:
The story is set in the summer of 1937. 故事的背景是1937年夏天。
The story begins in the year 1937. 故事开始于1937年。
二、一般过去时
(一)基本结构
一般过去时用动词的过去式构成,即在动词原形后加ed。
例句:
He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。
What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事?
We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。
He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. 他过去经常抽烟,但现在不抽了。
Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难,他都会帮助我们。
At that time she was very good at English. 那时她英语学得很好。
He said he would wait until they came back.
(二)时态详解
主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同,只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此,所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区别之一。
一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示,也就是说动词词末要加-ed(除不规则动词外)。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有:last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , …)等等。
使用一般过去时,在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。"过去"的时间概念有两层意思:一是指"现在某个时间"以前的时间;二是指"说话、写文章的那个时间点"以前的时间,在这个意义上,"现在的那个时间点"是很小很小的,甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如:
He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。
--Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里?
--He just went out.他刚刚出去。
(三)一般过去时表示现在
(1) 在宾语从句中,由于时态呼应的关系,可用一般过去时表示现在:
I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。(were实际上指现在)
I didn’t know you were so busy.我没想到你这么忙。(were实际上指现在)
(2) 表示客气委婉的现在:
I wondered if you were free this evening. 不知您今晚是否有空。
I thought you might like some flowers. 我想您也许想要些花。
【注】能这样有的动词主要限于want, wonder, think, hope, intend等少数动词。
(3) 用于某些特殊结构中表示现在:
It’s time we started. 我们该动身了。
I wish I knew his name. 要是我知道他的名字就好了。
I’d rather you lived closer to us. 我希望你能住得离我们近点。
【注】该用法主要用于 it’s time, I wish, I’d rather, if only, as if, as though 等少数结构后接从句的情形,其中有些结构后面的句子还可用一般过去时表示将来:
I’d rather you came next Monday. 我宁愿你下周星期一来。
另外表主观想法的虚拟条件句也用一般过去时表示现在:
If I had the money now I’d buy a car. 假若我现在有钱,我就买辆小汽车。
三、一般将来时
(一)基本结构
由 will 加动词原形构成,当主语是第一人称时,也可以用 shall 加动词原形。
例如:
Telephone me this evening. I’ll be at home. 今晚给我打电话,我会在家。
I’ll (shall/will) do a better job next time. 下次我要干得好些。
The car won’t start. 车开不了啦。
Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起。
(二)时态详解
主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。这里所说的“将来时间”是指“说话、写文章那一刻以后的时间”。它的表示方法主要有如下几种:
1)shall / will + 动词原形这种表示方法是说,动作在现在或目前还未发生,要在将来的某个时间内发生;它没有主观性,是“纯粹的将来动作”。例如:
I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。
He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。
2) be( am / is / are ) + going +不定式
这种表示方法主要是说明 A)“说话人的意图、打算”;B)“某种可能性”。例如:
A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。
Who is going to speak first? 谁先发言?
B) It is going to rain soon .马上要下雨了。
Is he going to collect any data for us? 他会帮我们收集资料吗?
If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新西兰,你会喜欢上那个地方的。
3) be( am / is / are ) + 不定式表示方法描述两钟情况:
按计划安排要发生的动作,这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远; 要求或命令他人做某事。例如:
A) The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新桥三天后通车。
The factory is to go into production before National Day. 这家工厂国庆节前投产。
B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。
You are to stay home until your mother comes back. 你妈回来之前你不要出去。
4) 用一般现在时或现在进行时(限于某些动词)表示按计划安排要发生的事。主要强调“按计划安排要发生的事”。例如:
Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下车吗?
The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m. 那架飞机上午十一点起飞。
Mr. Reider is leaving for New York next week. 里德先生下周动身去纽约。
(三)表示将来的五种常用非时态方式
1. “be+不定式”:表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。如:
She is to play Juliet. 她扮演朱丽叶。
You are to make the necessary changes. 你要做出必要的改变。
2. “be about to + 不定式”:表示即将发生的动作,有“即将”的意思,但不能和具体的时间状语连用。如:
The package is about to come unwrapped. 那个包快散开了。
3. “be going + 不定式”:表示按计划或安排打算去做某事,或表示有迹象表明要发生某事。如:
We are going to call her this evening. 我们打算今晚给她打电话。
My sister’s going to have a baby this summer. 我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。
4. 用现在进行时表示将来:主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如:
The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。
We’re having a party next week. 我们下星期将开一个晚会。
5. 用一般现在时表示将来:表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如:
We have a holiday tomorrow. 我们明天放假。
The train leaves at 10:04 this evening. 火车今晚10:04分开。
四、现在进行时
(一)基本结构
现在进行时由 am/is/are 加现在分词构成。
例句:
They’re having a meeting. 他们在开会。
I’m studying at an evening school. 我在上夜校。
Mike is coming home on Thursday. 迈克星期四回来。
They’re having a party next week. 下星期他们将开一个晚会。
You’re always interrupting me! 你老打断我的话!(抱怨)
My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满)
She’s always helping people. 她老是帮助别人。(赞扬)
(二)时态详解
主要用来描述“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作,或是“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。它适用于下面的情况:
1)“说话、写文章的当刻”正在发生的动作。例如:
They are having a football match .他们正在赛足球。
She is writing her term paper. 她正在写学期论文。
Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你听电话。
2)“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发生,而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着,或是重复地发生着。例如:
He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。
How are you getting along with your new job? 你那份新工作干得怎么样?
3)表示说话人的情感,如:赞许、批评;喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行,而是表示经常性,相当于“一般现在时”所描述的情况。例如:
He is always thinking of others , not of himself . (表示赞许)他总是为他人着想,而不为自己。
She is often doing well at school. (表示满意)她在学校学习挺不错的。
Are you feeling better today? (表示亲切)你今天觉得好一些吗?
One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.(表示不满)我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。
Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .(表示不喜欢)有些推销员老是敲我家的门,向我们推销他们的产品。
4)表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的.动作,用于这种情况仅限于少量的动词,如:go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午饭 ) , return, dine ( 进餐,尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿,戴 ) 等。例如:
I'm dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭。
An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美国教授要来作报告。
We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我们放假。
Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗?
(三)现在进行时表示将来
现在进行时表将来,主要表示按计划或安排要发生的动作:
I’m leaving tomorrow. 我明天走。
They’re getting married next month. 他们下个月结婚。
现在进行时与一般现在时均可表示将来,区别是:用现在进行时表示将来,其计划性较强,并往往暗示一种意图;而一般现在时表示将来,则其客观性较强,即通常被视为客观事实,多指按时刻表或规定要发生的情况:
I’m not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。
What time does the train leave? 火车什么时候开?
五、过去进行时
(一)基本结构
过去进行时由 was/were 加现在分词构成。
例如:
What were you doing this time yesterday? 昨天这个时候你在做什么?
During the summer of 1999 she was travelling in Europe. 1999年夏天她在欧洲旅行。
He said he was leaving for home in a day or two. 他说他一两天之内就动身回家了。
She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到别人。(赞扬)
She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。(厌烦)
I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看报,突然门铃响了。
Jim burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. 吉姆做饭时把手烫了。
I met Diana while I was shopping this morning. 我今早买东西时碰到了戴安娜。
I was doing my homework while he was listening to music. 我在做作业而他在听音乐。
(二)时态详解
主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作,所以,句子常带有一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语可能是短语,词组,或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思。过去进行时主要用于下面的情景中:
1)表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作,例如:
At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候,我正在收拾东西去露营。
When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我来看她的时候,她正在写一篇文章。
What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八点钟你在做什么?
2)用于故事的开头,交代故事发生的背景情况。
过去进行时所描述的动作是“正在进行”,所以,在这种情景中用“过去进行时”可以给读者一种“动感”,从而能使文章更加生动活泼。例如:
One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity … .一天晚上,他正在书房里打字。突然,一个人闯进屋来,切断了电源……
3)(仅限少数动词)表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作。例如:
When National Day was coming near , they began to make a plan for the holiday .国庆节即将来临的时候,他们开始制订度假计划。
She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。
My friend said to me that he was lunching with one of his customers that day .我朋友对我说,他今天要与他的一位客户一块儿吃午饭。
We left there when it's getting dark. 天快黑的时候,我们离开了那儿。
(三)过去进行时表示现在
用过去进行时表示现在,主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如:
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。
We were hoping you would stay with us. 我们很希望你能跟我们住在一起。
How much did you want to spend, sir? 先生,您打算花多少钱?
注:一般过去时也有类似用法,但比较而言,用过去进行时显得更客气,更不肯定。
六、现在完成时
1.现在完成时的构成:助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词
注:has 用于第三人称单数,have 用于其他所有人称。
2.现在完成时的用法:
(1)现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just,already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用。例如:
① I have never heard of that before.
② Have you ever ridden a horse?
③ She has already finished the work.
④ Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already.
⑤ I’ve just lost my science book.
有时没有时间状语;多是一般疑问句。
(2)现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的一段时间的状语连用。 如:for和since,以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等。
① I haven’t seen her these days.
② She has learnt English for 3 years.
③ They have lived here since 1990.
④ What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?
注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的短语连用。
(3)现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,例如:
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.
(4) have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别:
★have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地,说话时此人很可能不在那里,已经回来。侧重指经历。
★have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地,说话时此人在那里,或可能在路上,反正不在这里。
试比较:
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。
(人已回来,可能在这儿)
He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。
(人已走,不在这儿)。
一般过去时与现在完成时之比较
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
◎ 一般过去时的时间状语有:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语。
◎ 共同的时间状语有:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately等。
◎ 现在完成时的时间状语有:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等不确定的时间状语。
请大家认真分析比较下列各例句:
I saw this film yesterday.
(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film.
(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
She has returned from Paris.
(她已从巴黎回来了。)
She returned yesterday.
(她是昨天回来了。)
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
注意:句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。例如:
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别:
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work.
他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then.
我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until 从句的差异:
延续动词用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” ;瞬间动词用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”。
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10点。
典型例题:
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B ;首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. --- I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
--- Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A ; 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
七、过去完成时的用法
1、概念:表示过去的过去。
-----------|----------------|--------------------|---->
那时以前 那时 现在
其结构是:had + 过去分词
2、过去完成时的用法:
(1)过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态;句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
(2)过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
(3)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
(4)在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
(5)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
(6)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
用一般过去时代替完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。
When she saw the mouse,she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
-----------|----------------|--------------------|---->时间
过去 那时所遇见的情况 现在
八、一般过去将来时
一、基本概念:
过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态,即立足于过去某时,从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。
1) He said his mother would buy a bike for him
2) My brother told me he wouldn’t believe Jack any more.
3) Would it be all right if he knew his illness?
二、基本形式:
would/should+动词原形
(其中 would 用于各种人称, should 常用于第一人称)。
例如:
They were sure they would win the final victory.
他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。
He didn't expect that we should(would)all be there.
他没想到我们都在那里。
上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语 would win 和 should(would)be 分别与其主句谓语 were sure 和 didn't expect 相对应。
三、过去将来时的一些其它表达形式:
1.was/were+going to+动词原形
He said he was going to try.
他说他准备试试。
2.was/were+to+动词原形
They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day.
他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。
3.was/were about+动词原形
We were about to go out when it began to rain.
我们正要出去天(突然)下起雨来。
4.过去进行时(一般多为动作概念较强的动词,如 go,come, leave,start, open,begin 等)也可用于表示将来。
I didn't know when they were coming again.
我不知道他们什么时候再来。
四、用法注意点:
1.在时间和条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如:
He said he would come to see you when he had time.
他说他有时间就来看望你。
2.“would+动词原形”可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时,不管什么人称,都可用would。
When he was a child he would get up early.
他年幼时,总是很早起床。
考例精练:
1. The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital.
A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died
2. Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways.
A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned
3. I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science.
A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become
C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become
4. I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped
5. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
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