雅思阅读模拟试题精选
阅读是雅思考试中非常重要的部分，很多考生阅读成绩不是很理想，在这方面考生们既要加强自己的词汇量和语法知识，同时也要多加练习。
Education Philosophy
AIn 1660s, while there are few accurate statistics for child mortality in the preinduslrial world, there is evidence that as many as 30 percent of all children died before they were 14 days old. Few families survived intact. All parents expected to bury some of their children and they found it difficult to invest emotionally in such a tenuous existence as a newborn child. When the loss of a child was commonplace, parents protected themselves from the emotional consequences of the death by refusing to make an emotional commitment to the infant. How else can we explain mothers who call the infant or leave dying babies in gutters, or mention the death of a child in the same paragraph with a reference to pickles?
BOne of the most important social changes to take place in the Western world in 18th century was the result of the movement from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. Increasingly, families left the farms and their small-town life and moved to cities where life was very different for them. Social supports that had previously existed in the smaller community disappeared, and problems of poverty, crime, sub-standard housing and disease increased. For the poorest children, childhood could be painfully short, as additional income was needed to help support the family and young children were forced into early employment. Children as young as 7 might be required to work full-time jobs, often under unpleasant and unhealthy circumstances, from factories to prostitution. Although such a role for children has disappeared in most economically strong nations, the practice of childhood employment has hardly disappeared entirely and remains a staple (主要的)in many undeveloped nations.
COver the course of the 1800s, the lives of children in the Unites States began to change drastically. Previously, children in both rural and urban families were expected to take part in the everyday labor of the home, as the bulk of manual work had to be completed there. However, establishing a background the technological advances of the mid-1800s, coupled with the creation of a middle class and the redefinition of roles of family members, meant that work and home became less synonymous(同义的)over the course of time. People began to buy
their children toys and books to read. As the country slowly became
more dependent upon machines for work, both in rural and in urban areas, it became less necessary for children to work inside the home. This trend, which had been rising slowly over the course of the nineteenth century, look off exponentially after the Civil War, with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. John Locke was one of the most influential writers of his period. His writings on the role of government are seen as foundational to many political movements and activities, including the American Revolution and the drafting of theDeclaration of Independence. His ideas are equally foundational to several areas of psychology. As the father of “British empiricism,” Locke made the first clear and comprehensive statement of the “environmental position” and, by so doing, became the father of modern learning theory. His teachings about child care were highly regarded during the colonial period in America.
DJean Jacquesd Rousseau lived during an era of the American and French Revolution. His works condemn distinctions of wealth, property, and prestige. In the original state of nature, according to Rousseau, people were "noble savages", innocent, free and uncorrupted. Rousseau conveyed his educational philosophy through his famous novel Emile, in 1762, which tells the story of a boy's education from infancy to adulthood. Rousseau observed children and adolescents extensively and spoke of children's individuality, but he based much of his developmental theory on observation in writing the book, and on the memories of his own childhood. Rousseau contrasts children to Developmental Psychology in Historical Perspective adults and describes age-specific characteristics. Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi lived during the early stages of industrial revolution, he sought to develop schools would nurture children's development. He agreed with Rousseau that humans are naturally good but were spoiled by a corrupt society. Pestalozzi's approach to teaching can be divided into the general and special methods. The theory was designed to create an emotionally healthy homelike learning environment that had to be in place before more specific instruction occurred.
EOne of the best documented cases of all the so-called feral children concerned a young man who was captured in a small town in the south of France in 1800, and who was later named Victor. The young man had been seen in the area for months before his final capture - pre-pubescent, mute, and naked, perhaps 11 or 12 years old, foraging for food in the gardens of the locals and sometimes accepting their direct offers of food. Eventually he was brought to Paris, where it
was hoped that he would be able to answer some of the profound questions about the nature of man, but that goal was quashed very early. Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard, a young physician who had become interested in working with the deaf, was more optimistic about a future for Victor and embarked on a five-year plan of education to civilize him and teach him to speak. With a subsidy from the government, Itard spent an enormous amount of time and effort working with Victor. He was able to enlist the help of a local woman, Madame Gu erin, to assist in his efforts and provide a semblance of a home for Victor. But, after five years and despite all of his efforts, Hard considered the experiment to be a failure. Although Victor had learned some elementary forms of communication, he never learned the basics of speech, which, for Itard, was the goal. Victor's lessons were discontinued, although he continued to live with Madame Gu erin until his death, approximately at the age of 40.
FOther educators were beginning to respond to the simple truth that was embedded in the philosophy of Rousseau. Identifying the stages of development of children was not enough. Education had to be geared to those stages. One of the early examples of this approach was the invention of the kindergarten (“the children’s garden”)- a word and a movement created by Friedrich Froebel in 1840, a German-born educator. Froebel placed particular emphasis on the importance of play in a child's learning. His invention, in different forms, would eventually find its way around the world. His ideas about education were initially developed through his association with Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Froebel spent five years teaching at one of Pestalozzi's model schools in Frankfurt, and later he studied with Pestalozzi himself. Eventually he was able to open his own schools to test his educational theories. One of his innovative ideas was his belief that women could serve as appropriate educators of young children - an unpopular view at the time. At the age of 58, after almost four decades as a teacher, Froebel introduced the notion of the kindergarten. It was to be a haven and a preparation for children who were about to enter the regimented educational system. A cornerstone of his kindergarten education was the use of guided or structured play. For Froebel, play was the most significant aspect of development at this time of life. Play served as the means for a child to grow emotionally and to achieve a sense of self-worth, the role of the teacher was to organize materials and a structured environment in which each child, as an individual, could achieve these goals. By the time of Froebel’s death in 1852, dozens of kindergartens had been created in Germany. Their use increased in Europe and the movement eventually reached and flourised in the United States in 20th century.
Questions 28-31
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-E
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Reasons of unusual experiments implemented by several thinkers
ii Children had to work to alleviate burden on family
iii Why children are not highly valued
iv Children died in hospital at their early age
v Politics related philosophy appeared
vi Creative learning method was applied on certain wild kid
vii Emerge and spread of called kindergarten
28 Paragraph A
Example
Paragraph B ii Children have to work
29 Paragraph C
30 Paragraph D
31 Paragraph E
Questions 32-35
Use the information in the passage to match the time (listed A-C) with correct event below. Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
A 18th century
B 19th century
C 20th century
32 need for children to work
33 rise of middle class
34 emergence of a kindergarten
35 the kindergarten in the spread around US
Questions 36-40
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
A Jean Jacquesd Rousseau
B Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard
C Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi
D Friedrich Froebel
36 was not successful to prove the theory
37 observed a child's record
38 requested a study setting with emotional comfort firstly
39 corruption is not a characteristic in people's nature
40 responsible fo
篇章结构
体裁科普说明文
题目儿童教育哲学与历史
结构A：为何父母并不是十分重视孩子
B：孩子们需要工作，以减轻对家庭的负担
C：中产阶级富足的生活的出现，促进了政治相关的哲学的出现
D：几个思想家进行的研究以及结论和整个的分析
E：创造性的学习方式被应用在几个野孩子的教育之中
F：幼儿园理论的整个发展和传播
试题分析
Question 1-。。。
题目类型：
题号定位词文中对应点题目解析
28Difficult to invest emotionally;
Call the infant “it”
Reference to pickles文中第四行，第八行
最后一行选择标题类型题，首先应该归纳文章的主要意思，最好是能找到中心句，其次是把握作者情感走向
第一段主体内容主要是在讲婴儿在父母心中的位置，第四行 difficult to invest，以及父母call the infant“it”，以及最后一句讲到父母谈论孩子的死亡经常是夹杂在谈论泡菜的内容里
由此可知，作者的主要情感走向是想说“孩子不受重视”
故此iii选项中的 not highly valued就符合这种情感走向，同时，infants又是作者主要谈论的内容，故此，选择了iii
29Change drastically;
Role of government;
Political movements and activities文章第二行
第十三行
第十四行选择标题类型题，首先应该归纳文章的主要意思，最好是能找到中心句，其次是把握作者情感走向
其中前八行的内容主要是再讲工业革命后，人们有能力为孩子提供更优质的生活，而从第十行开始，就在谈论政治变革为儿童生活，教育，福利所带来的变化，其中第十三行提到了Locke的文章Role of government，第十四行提到了political movements and activities，表明这段也涉及到了政治内容，因此两相结合，就比较符合V politics related philosophy appeared
故此选择v
30Jean Jacquesd Rousseau;
His work;Developmental Psychology;
Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi;
Pesralozzi’s approach文章第一行，第二行;第十四行;十五行;十八行选择标题类型题，首先应该归纳文章的主要意思，最好是能找到中心句，其次是把握作者情感走向
文章中提到了两位思想家专门研究人类的青少年时期的个性发展，并且结合了自己成长的经历，因此比较符合i选项所说的Reasons of unusual experiments implemented by several thinkers
其中第一行，第十四行的人名Jean， Johan对应了 thinkers ，第二行， 第十五行的work， approach对应了experiments
故此选择i
31Young man，victor，11 or 12 years old;
Five-year plan of education;
Victor’s lesson文章第四行到第九行，第十二行，倒数第二行选择标题类型题，首先应该归纳文章的主要意思，最好是能找到中心句，其次是把握作者情感走向
文章第四行到第九行降到了Victor这个孩子是一个野孩子，呼应了vi’选项中的wild kid，同时，第十二行，倒数第二行，分别出现了Five-year plan of education;五年的教育计划，以及Victor’s lessons;Victor的课程
因此对应了vi选项中的method
故此，选择了vi Creative learning method was applied on certain wild kid
32Children to workB段落，第十二行，support the family以及 early employment选取题干中的定位词，children to work，结合heading题，可以知道，这部分应该是工业革命前，人们的生活质量还没有发生改变的时候，因此，应该是B段落，中间偏后，即12提到了孩子们需要补贴家用，过早成为雇佣工人，第三行表述出时间为18th century，故此选择A 18thcentury
33Middle classC段落，第五行选取题干中的定位词，middle class，中产阶级，结合heading题，可知，是C段落，因此，定位到C段落中的第五行，出现了middle class，讲到中产阶级的崛起，是在19世纪的工业革命后，因此选择B
34KindergartenF段落，倒数第三行选取题干中的定位词，kindergarten，幼稚园，可以确定是F段落有讲到幼稚园，倒数第三行，提到时间是1852年以后，Forebel去世后，德国出现了很多的幼稚园，随即欧洲和美国也开始不断出现，因此，1852年后应该是幼稚园发展的时期，故此选择19世纪，B
PS，以为1852是18世纪的同志们可以去面壁了
同时，因为句尾的20th century实际上是美国的幼稚园大量兴起的时间，欧洲更早，因而最初开始兴起的时间应该是19世纪中页
35Kindergarten
USF段落，最后一句选取题干中的定位词，kindergarten，US;幼稚园，美国，可以确定是F段落有讲到幼稚园，倒数第一行，因为句尾的20th century实际上是美国的幼稚园大量兴起的时间，欧洲更早，因而最初在美国开始兴起的时间应该是20世纪
36Not successfulE段落，倒数第五行 Itard considered te experiment to be a failure首先，题干中的not successful表明，我们要找到的就是失败，故此，我们知道，结合heading 题，E段落中提到了有关野孩子的教育问题里，倒数第五行，Itard认定这个实验最终是个失败,因此，选择了B选项Jean Marc-Gaspard Itard
37Child’s recordD段落 第十行
Rosseau observed children and adolescents extensively题干中的child’s record，结合heading 题，表明这个应该是和实验有关的，因此DE两个段落应该是可以的，其中D段落第十行提到了，Rosseau观察孩子和成人，并且结合自身的成长，写出了一本书，即为上文提到的Emile这本书，因此，选择了A
38Emotional comfort firstlyD段落，倒数第三行题干中emotional 结合heading题，我们可以知道，应该是D段落提到的内容，倒数第三行，提到了，这一理论是以在使用任何教育方式钱，创造一个情绪健康的家庭式学习环境为目的而创造出来的，而这一理论的提出人是Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi，故选择C
39Corruption;notD段落，第五行题干中corruption，以及后面的not，表明我们要找的应该是corruption的否定，或者它的反义词，由此，定位出了D段落的第五行，Rousseau的观点是人类早起时无知，自由，远离腐化堕落，因此，这一观点应该是Rousseau提出的，故此选择A
40Increase; number;type; schoolF段落，19行题干中 increase，number ; type of school这些词，我们结合阅读的，可以很容易了解到，最后一段提到了教育发展中kindergarten的出现，而19行以后表明，这一变化与Forbel的努力分不开的，因此选择了D选项
参考译文：
儿童教育哲学与历史
A1660年代，没有准确的数据显示工业化之前儿童的死亡率，但是有证据显示有30%的儿童在14岁之前死亡，很少有家庭能幸免于此。所有的家长都希望能埋葬他们死去的孩子，但是对于一个刚出生不久就夭折的孩子，他们很难在情感上有所触动。当小孩夭折已经司空见惯，家长们为了不让自己伤心, 对于婴儿不再投入自己的感情来保护自己的感情，这点也可以帮助我们解释为什么妈妈会把出生的婴儿称为“it”，或是把快要死的婴儿扔在臭水沟里，或者在讲起死去的孩子的时候就像提起腌菜那样自然。(第28题)
B18世纪，在西方世界发生的最重要的变化之一就是土地经济向工业经济转换的运动。越来越多的家庭扔下自己的农场，结束自己原本在小镇上宁静的生活, 搬到大城市去，而那里的生活和他们之前所过的有天壤之别。以前在小小的生活圈子里的人们之间的相互支持消失了，取而代之的是贫穷，犯罪，可怕的居住条件等一系列的问题，对于那些在极端穷困条件下生活的孩子，他们的童年是痛苦且短暂的，因为家庭需要额外的收入来帮助补贴家用，年幼的孩子被迫早早开始工作。7岁的孩子可能就需要全职工作，通常是在很恶劣以及很不健康的环境下，他们从事的工作从工厂做工到出卖肉体。尽管这样的情况在经济强大的国家已经消失了，但是童工问题并没有完全消失并且在许多不发达国家仍然是一个主要的问题。(第32题)
C在整个19世纪，美国儿童的生活开始有了巨大的转变。之前，在农村和在城里的家庭都必须要做家务，因为有很多家务活需要手工完成。但是，到了 19 世纪中期，科学技术有了很大的发展，随之而来的还有中产阶级的产生以及家庭成员角色的重新定义，这意味着工作和家庭随着时间的推移成为不同质的概念。人们开始给他们的孩子买玩具和书，整个国家不管是在城市还是农村， 开始越来越依赖机器进行工作，孩子留在家里干活的需要就减少了.在整个十九世纪，这个趋势越来越明显，特别是在内战过后，工业革命开始了。 John Locke是当时最有影响力的作家之一，他的关于政府角色的作品被关乎许多政治运动和浪潮，包括美国独立战争的爆发和独立宣言的起草。他的很多观点 也影响着心理学的7个领域作为“英国经验主义”之父，Locke第一次清晰并且全面地阐述了环境的影响。而通过这个研究，他成为现代学习理论之父。他对于关心儿童的教育在美国殖民时期得到高度的认可。
DJean Jacquesd Rousseau(卢梭)生活在美国和法国革命时期，他的作品谴责了人们对财富，财产和名誉的追逐。在卢梭看来，在最初，人们都是“高贵的野蛮人”，无知，自由，是还没有堕落的。卢梭在1762年通过著名的小说〈Emile〉表达了自己的教育哲学该小说讲述了一个小男孩从婴儿到
成人的教育故事。卢梭通过广泛观察儿童和青少年以及儿童的个性结合自己的发展理论和自己的童年记忆写成了该书。卢梭从历史和发展心理学的角度对比了儿童和成人在特定年龄的特征。Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi生活在工业革命早期，他提出学校需要能够帮助儿童发展。他同意卢梭的希法，认为人性本善，只是被腐朽的社会污染了。 Pestalozzi所说的教授的方法分为一般的和特殊的两种，他的理论是为了创造一个像家里那样的良好的学习氛围，这些是一些具体的方法被采用的前提。(第 37,38, 39 题)
E有史料记载的一个最好的例子是在1880年在法国的南部发现的所谓的“野孩 子”，后来给他起名叫“Victor”，这个年轻人经常在该地区被人看见，还没到靑 春期，不会说话，全身裸露，大约11到12岁，经常在当地的花园取寻找食物， 有时也吃别人施舍的食物。最终他被带到了巴黎，希望他能回答一些稍微有些深度的关于人性的问题，结果这个念头很快就被现实打消了。 Jean—Marc-Gaspard Itard是一位年轻的医生，一直在研究聋哑人，一开始他对Victor的未来很乐观， 开始了对其的5年计划希望他可以接受文明的熏陶并且学习说话。Itard有政府的补贴，花了大量的时间和精力训练Victor 。好在他得到了当地一个妇女Madame Guerin的帮助，她帮助给Victor布置一个家，但是5年后，尽管Itard倾力而为，但是最终实验还是失败了。尽管Vicior学会了 一些基本的交流方式，但是他学不会说话，而说话曾是Itard教化的目标。 Victor的课程暂停了，尽管他一直继续和Madame Guerin 生活直到人约40岁去世。
F尽管教育学家开始重视卢梭所持的哲学观点里蕴含的简单事实，但是确认儿童的发展阶段不是一件容易的事情，相应的阶段要有相应的教育辅助，他早期研究的例子是幼儿园(孩子的乐园)的发明。“幼儿园”是德国出生的教育学家 Friedrich Froebel在1840年发明的，他特别强调玩耍对于儿童教育的重要性。 他的发明，以不同的形式最终在全世界普及。他关于教育的理念最早是和Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi的合作幵始的，Froebel花了五年的时间在Pestalozzi 在法兰克福的标准学校任教，之后他和Pestalozzi—起进行研究。最终他自己开了一间学校，来测试自己的教育理论.他最有创意的想法之一就是认为女性可以是儿童早期的导师——这在当时不是很被接受。在他58岁的时候，他己经从教快40年了，才引进了“幼儿园”的概念，(40题)他的这个理念的初衷是在作为儿童进入正式的教育系统前的预备准备。幼儿园教育理念的基石是教导式的或是有组织的玩耍。对于Froebel,玩耍是孩子在该阶段发展的一个重耍部分， 因为玩耍会让孩子在情感方面成长，获得一种自我价值感。老师的角色则是准备相应的材料和环境，使得儿童作为个人可以获得前面既定的目标。在1852年 Froebel 去世的时候，徳国已经有很多幼儿园被建立了，后来欧洲各地也始开办幼儿园，最终在20世纪的时候幼儿园的理念传到美国并且在美国普及。(第 34,35, 40 题)
参考答案
Version 20316 主题 儿童教育哲学历史
28iii 29v 30i 31vi 32A 33B 34B 35C 36B 37A 38C 39A 40D
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