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全国英语等级考试pets五级阅读练习
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Part B
In the following article, some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 to 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
There are as many definitions of philosophy as there are philosophers--perhaps there are even more. After three millermia of philosophical activity and disagreement, it is unlikely that we'll reach consensus, and I certainly don't want to add more hot air to the volcanic cloud of unknow- ing. What I'd like to do in the opening column in this new venture is to kick things off by asking a slightly different ouestion: What is a ohilosooher?
66.
Socrates tells the story of Thales, who was by some accounts the first philosopher. He was looking so intently at the stars that he fell into a well. Some witty Thracian servant girl is said to have made a joke at Thales' expense--that in his eagerness to know what went on in the sky he was unaware of the things in front of him and at his feet. Socrates adds, in Seth Benardete's transla- tion, "The same jest suffices for all those who engage in philosophy. "
What is a philosopher, then? The answer is clear: a laughing stock, an absent-minded buf- foon, the butt of countless jokes from Aristophanes' "The Clouds" to Mel Brooks' "History of the World",. Whenever the philosopher is compelled to talk about the things at his feet, he gives not only the Thracian girl but the rest of the crowd a belly laugh.
67.
But as always with Plato, things are not necessarily as they first appear, and Socrates is the greatest of ironists. First, we should recall that Thales believed that water was the universal sub- stance out of which all things were composed. Water was Thales' philosophers' stone, as it were. Therefore, by falling into a well, he inadvertently presses his basic philosophical claim.
But there is a deeper and more troubling layer of irony here that I would like to peel off more slowly. Socrates introduces the "digression" by making a distinction between the philosopher and the lawyer, or what Benardete nicely renders as the "pettifogger".
68.
By contrast, we might say, the philosopher is the person who has time or who takes time.
Theodorus, Socrates' interlocutor, introduces the "digression" with the words, "Aren't we at leis- ure, Socrates?" The latter's response is interesting. He says, "It appears we are. " As we know, in philosophy aooearances can be deceotive.
69.
Pushing this a little further, we might say that to philosophize is to take your time, even When you have no time, when time is constantly pressing at your back. The busy readers of The New York Times will understand this sentiment.
70.
Socrates says that those in the constant press of business, like lawyers, policy-makers, mort- gage brokers and hedge fund managers, become "bent and stunted" and they are compelled "to do crooked things". The pettifogger is undoubtedly successful, wealthy and extraordinarily honey- tongued, but, Socrates adds, "small in his soul and shrewd and a shyster. " The philosopher, by contrast, is free by virtue of his or her other-worldliness, by their capacity to fall into wells and ap- pear silly.
A.The philosopher's clumsiness in worldly affairs makes him appear stupid, or, "gives the im- pression of plain silliness. " We are left with a rather Monty Pythonesque definition of the philosopher: the one who is silly.
B.The lawyer is compelled to present a case in court and time is of the essence. In Greek legal proceedings, a strictly limited amount of time was allotted for the presentation of cases. Time was measured with a water clock or clepsydra, which literally steals time, as in the Greek kleptes, a thief or embezzler. The pettifogger, the jury, and by implication the whole socie- ty, live with the constant pressure of time. The water of time's flow is constantly threatening to drown them.
C.But the basic contrast here is that between the lawyer, who has no time, or for whom time is money, and the philosopher, who takes time. The freedom of the philosopher consists in ei- ther moving freely from topic to topic or simply spending years returning to the same topic out of perplexity, fascination and curiosity.
D.It is our hope that some of them will make the time to read The Stone. As Wittgenstein says,"This is how philosophers should salute each other: ' Take your time. ' "
E.Socrates believes that the philosopher neither sees nor hears the so-called unwritten laws of the city, that is, the mores and conventions that govern public life. The philosopher will dis- regard the societal rifles given to a person.
As Alfred North Whitehead said, philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato. Let me risk adding a footnote by looking at Plato's provocative definition of the philosopher that appears in the middle of his dialogue, "Theaetetus," in a passage that some scholars consider a "di- gression". But far from being a footnote to a digression, I think in this moment Plato tells us something hugely important about what a philosopher is and what philosophy does.
Part B
就像有很多哲学家一样，哲学的定义也有很多——或许比哲学家更多。即使在长达三千年之久的哲学活动和分歧之后，我们看待问题仍然会存在差异。对于不可知论，在这里我不发表看法，以免引起争议。在新争论之前，我想通过一个别样的问题来开始我的话题：哲学家是什么?
66.
正如艾尔弗雷德·诺思·情特黑德所说，对柏拉图来说哲学是一系列的脚本。让我不妨通过柏拉图对哲学家的富有挑衅意味的定义这个方式来加注一个脚注。这个定义出现在他的一篇被众多学者称之为“题外话”的“泰阿泰德篇”文章的对话中。但这远不是一个题外话脚注，个人认为这个时候，柏拉图是想告诉我们一些关于什么是哲学家以及哲学用来干什么的重要的问题。
苏格拉底讲述了被称之为第一个哲学家的泰勒斯的故事。他如此专心地看着星星，以致失足掉到了井里。据说一些诙谐的色雷斯女仆拿泰利斯开了一个玩笑——在他渴望知道天空中发生了什么时，他却不知道在他的面前和脚下发生的事情。在塞特·博纳德特的译著中，苏格拉底补充说道，“同样的笑话就足够那些从事哲学的人研究的了。”
那么到底什么是哲学家呢?答案是明确的：一个笑料，一个心不在焉的小丑，从阿里斯托芬的“云”到梅尔·布鲁克斯的“世界历史”的无数笑柄。当哲学家不得不谈论他脚下的事物时，他会让其余的观众连同色雷斯女仆一起捧腹大笑。
67.
哲学家在世俗事上的笨拙表现让他显得愚蠢，或者“给人头脑简单的印象”。蒙蒂-皮桑尼斯科留给我们的哲学定义是：愚蠢之人。
但是就如柏拉图通常所说的，事物往往并非像他们第一次出现的那样，苏格拉底是最犀利的讽刺家。首先，我们应该记得，泰勒斯认为水是宇宙万物的源泉。水是泰勒斯步入哲学领域的点金石。因此掉到井里让他不经意间得出了基本哲学主张。
但是关于这里更深层的、更令人不安的讽刺，我想娓娓道来。苏格拉底通过区分哲学家和律师引入了“题外话”，而Benardete则适当地提出了“讼棍”的概念。.
68.
律师要求在法庭上陈述案情，时间是至关重要的。在希腊的法律程序中，案件的呈现是严格限于一定时间之内的。衡量时间的是一个水钟或者漏壶，字面意思就是抢断时间，在希腊语中，是小偷或者贪赃犯的意思。讼棍，陪审团还有社会上的其他人都间接生活在时间的恒定压力中。时间流动的水一直威胁着他们，要把他们淹死。
相反的，我们可能会说，哲学家是那些有时间或者说消磨时间的人。苏格拉底的对话者——西奥多勒斯通过一句话引入了“题外话”，他说“苏格拉底，难道我们不清闲吗?”苏格拉底的反应很有趣。他说，“表面上看起来是那样的。”我们知道，哲学具有欺骗性。
69.
但这里的是律师和哲学家的基本对比。对于律师来说，他们要么没有时间，要么时间就是金钱。对哲学家来说，他们消耗时间。哲学家的自由，包括在不同主题上的自由转换，或者出于困惑，入迷和好奇，在同一问题上纠缠。
更进一步，我们可能会说，理性思考浪费时间，即使你没有时间，或时间追着你跑，却还是要思考。繁忙的《纽约时报》的读者们能理解这种情绪。
70.
我们希望一些人花时间去阅读《石头》。正如维特根斯坦所说，…花费时间’就是哲学家之间应该有的互相尊重的方式”。
苏格拉底说，那些不变的行业，如律师、决策者、抵押贷款经纪人和对冲基金经理，他们变得扭曲和局限了。毫无疑问，他们所做的不正当的事情最后让他们变得成功、富有、能说会道。但是，苏格拉底还说，“他们是心胸狭隘、精于算计的卑鄙奸诈之徒。”相比之下，哲学家因为他们自己内心的理想世界，他们因思考问题而落入井中的能力以及他们的大智若愚，而让他们更加自由。
66.F【精析】第一段中“There are as many definitions of philosophy asthere are philosophers--perhaps there are even more.”，阐述了“哲学因哲学家而被赋予了更多的定义”，在结尾提出“What is a phi—losopher?”，哲学是什么的问题，接下来的一段是先介绍哲学，然后再一步步的过渡到哲学家，故选F。
67.A【精析】上一段说到“What is a philosopher，then?The answer isclear：a laughing stock.”，哲学家会让观众捧腹大笑，下面一段则是通过这种看似愚蠢的行为再次定义“哲学家”这个概念，故选A。
68.B【精析】上一段中有“Socrates ingoduces the‘digression’by makinga distinction between the philosopher and the lawyer，or what Benar—dete nicely renders as the‘pettifogger’.”，简单的引入苏格拉底区分律师与哲学家的区别，这一段开始详细描述，故选B。
69.C【精析】上一段结尾“As we know，in philosophy appearances Can bedeceptive.”，在哲学上表象往往具有欺骗性，这一段继续讨论苏格拉底提出的问题，但是是从另外一个角度，根据“But”一词判断，故选C。
70.D【精析】上一段提出“Pushing this a little further，we might say thatto philosophize is to take your time，even when you have no time，when time is constantly pressing at your back.”，关于时间的话题，在结尾又说道“The busy readers of The New Yor kTimes will under-stand this sentiment.”，关于读者的问题，本段承接了上一段，借维特根斯坦的话提出希望，故选D。
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