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全国英语等级考试pets二级短文理解试题
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In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 51 —— 55, choose the most suitable one from the list A. - [G] to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today' s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.
(1)_________ Humanity has the necessary aggro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(2) _________This is a shame--the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords "environmental changed" or "climate change" have increased rapidly since 2004, (3)_________
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example. And whether the community' s work contribute much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (4)_________ This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today' s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (5)_________ That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
A. It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-o dented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
B. However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.
C. the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
D.the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[ E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior, all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing dean energy.
[ F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[ G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds--including government, higher education, no-profit and corporate--varied from around 4% to 25% ; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
答案及解析
1.E【解析】本题是顺接关系题。该空格位于第二段中间。空格之前为“这么巨大的资源却不够应对今天全球面临的诸如气候变化、安全、可持续发展以及健康等挑战。”空格之后则谈到了“人类要借助从基因工程作物到人工化肥等必要的农业科技工具来消除饥饿。”可见空格处所填入的句子应该起到承上启下的作用，即既谈到全球问题，又涉及解决这些问题，浏览所有选项，只有E项既提到了“these issues”，即上文所列举的那些全球问题，又谈到了应对气候变化的例子，也即解决这些问题的实践。
2.F【解析】本题是转折关系题。该空格位于第三段段首。第二段段末作者提到目前全球面临的问题一定程度上也是社会性的，因此也应该是社会科学研究的范畴。而空格之后出现“这是个耻辱——社会科学界本应该抓住机遇提升自己在真实世界中的影响”，由此可以推断意义出现转折，空格处应该表达社会科学家没能应对全球问题，提升社会科学在真实世界中影响的意思，F项提到有很多的问题需要社会科学的研究，但许多社会科学家却不愿意处理这些问题，这正是社会学家没能为解决真实世界中的问题做出贡献的实例。
3.B【解析】本题是转折关系题。该空格位于第五段段末。空格所在段给出了明确的线索词“Ⅱle number of papers”以及“keywords”.浏览各选项可以明显发现B选项中几个关键词全部出现，同时B项表明社会科学研究论文的总量仍然很小，这与前文指出的“社会科学研究论文增长速度很快”构成对比，说明社会科学研究仍然有着很大的提升空间，符合本文论调。
4.G【解析】本题是顺接关系题。该句位于第七段中间。空格之前同样出现了明显的线索“the amount of available fundin9”，同时结合空格之后“只要用对地方，这些资金足够了”，可以推知空格处所填入的句子主要讨论资金的数量。浏览各选项，发现只有G项出现了关键词fund，同时该句话也确实在讨论社会科学研究的资金数量问题。
5.C【解析】本题是顺接关系题。该句位于第八段中间。空格之前提到欧洲联盟框架资助项目“2014年将开始实行一个全新的项目：地平线2020，这个项目将不再设有这项专项基金。这个决定导致了社会科学家的抗议。但是，这个决定的意图并非忽视社会科学;相反，是想要推动社会科学”，由此可以推测下文即将解释为什么这个决定将要推动社会科学的发展。空格之后的部分则提到“让社会科学更多地与其他领域合作”，暗示加强学科间合作是其中一个原因。浏览各个选项发现，C项中force socialscience to integrate their work with other categories正是对空格之后collaborative endeavors的同义复现，同时该句也解释了为什么这个决定将要推动社会科学的发展。
参考译文
社会科学正在日益繁荣。2005年，全世界各个领域共计约有五十万专业社会科学家在学术界内外工作。2010年《世界社会科学报告》称全球社会科学学生人数自2000年以来已经实现了每年大约ll%的增长。然而这么巨大的资源却不够应对今天全球面临的诸如气候变化、安全、可持续发展以及健康等挑战。
(1)这些问题的根源都在于人类行为。这些问题都需要行为改变、社会创新，以及科技发展。例如，遏制气候变暖与改变消费模式和提高税率有关，也与发展清洁能源有关。人类要借助从基因工程作物到人工化肥等必要的农业科技工具来消除饥饿。同样，这些问题也是社会性的：食物、财富和福祉的组织与分发。
(2)尽管有这么多的因素需要社会科学，许多社会科学家却不愿意处理这些问题。在欧洲，一些社会科学家全副武装起来反抗一项旨在减少某社会科学研究基金项目的提议，反对将这项基金并入到关于可持续发展的前沿研究课题当中。这是个耻辱——社会科学界本应该抓住机遇提升自己在真实世界中的影响。援引伟大的社会科学家约瑟夫·熊彼得的话：如果没有创造性的毁灭，就没有突破性的创新。
今天，社会科学很大程度上关注的仍然是学科内问题和国际上的学术讨论，而非有着外部影响的话题。
有分析表明，包含“环境变化”或者“气候变化”关键词的论文自2004年以来快速增长。(53)但是，总体数量仍然很小：2010年，全球发表的共计l00 7000篇社会科学论文中只有1600篇含有上述两个关键词中的一个。
当社会科学家确实处理这些实际问题的时候。他们的视野往往局限在当地：比如，比利时的社会科学家只对比利时的贫困问题有兴趣。学术界的研究能在多大程度上为知识的总体积累做出贡献仍然是个未知数。问题不一定是出在可用的资金上。(54)在20世纪90年代后期。对社会科学和人文学科的全国性资金支持，包括来自政府的、高等教育机构的、非盈利组织以及企业的，总计占到全部科学研究资金的4%一25%，在多数欧洲国家，这个比例达到l5%。只要用对地方，这些资金足够了。那些抱怨缺少资金支持的社会科学家不应该在当前的经济形势下仍然抱有更大的期望。
关键在于更好地运用这些资金。欧洲联盟框架资助项目长久以来有一项专门面向社会科学家。今年，有人提议更改这个体系：2014年将开始实行一个全新的项目：地平线2020，这个项目将不再设有这项专项基金。这个决定导致了社会科学家的抗议。但是，这个决定的意图并非忽视社会科学;相反，是想要推动社会科学。(55)这项决定的题中之义是要强迫社会科学与包括健康，人口变化、食品安全、海洋研究、生物经济学、清洁能源，以及其他包容性、创新性和安全学科等其他领域的合作。这将会让社会科学更多地与其他领域合作，帮助社会科学去发展直接解决全球问题的项目。
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