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17年公共英语三级试题教材辅导
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lesson 7
Compulsive Spenders
Are you a compulsive spender, or do you hold on to your money as long as possible? Are you a bargain hunter? Would you rather use charge accounts than pay cash? Your answer to those questions will reflect your personality. According to psychologists, our individual money habits not only show our beliefs and values, but can also develop from past problems.
Experts in psychology believe that for many people, money is an important symbol of strength and influence. Husbands who complain about their wives’ spending habits may be afraid that they are loosing power in their marriage. Wives, on the other hand, may waste huge amounts of money because they are angry with their husbands. In addition, many people consider money a symbol of love. They spend it on their families and friends to express love, or they buy themselves expensive presents because they need love.
People can be addicted to different things, for example, alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. They are compulsive in their addictions, that is, they must a satisfy these needs to feel comfortable. In the same way, according to psychologists, compulsive spenders must spend more money. For those who buy on credit, further more, charge accounts are even more exciting than money: in other words, these people feel that with credit they can do anything. Their pleasure at spending enormous amounts is actually greater than the pleasure they get from the things they buy.
There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices, and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things that they don’t need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budget, but they are really playing an exciting game: when they can buy something for less than other people, they are winning.
It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business. They consider people’s need for love, power or influence, as well as their values, beliefs and opinions, in their advertising and sales methods.
Psychologists often use a method called “behavior therapy” to help individuals solve their personality problems. In the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money. They give them “assignments.” If a person buys something in every store that he enters, for instance, a therapist might teach him self-discipline in this way. On the first of his therapy, he must go into a store, for five minutes, and then leave. On the second day, he should stay for ten minutes and try something on. On the third day he stays for fifteen minutes, asks the sales clerk a question, but does not buy anything. Soon he will learn that nothing bad will happen to him if he doesn’s buy anything, and he can solve the problem of his compulsive buying.
lesson 11
Medicines May Soon Come in the Form of Food
If Western people think they are healthy eaters, they will have to think again. The no cholesterol, low-fat, high-fiber, calcium-enriched,sugar-less,peservative-additive-color-free-with-added-vitamins diet is about to become a passing fashion. The new “buzz word” in the food industry is nutraceuticals-foods that provide medical benefits as well as traditional nutrients.
“Imagine a supermarket where each food category is subdivided into categories for those consumers who have back problems, are at risk from cardiovascular disease, obesity, arthritis and other diseases,” says Mark Braman, president of the American food company Omega Tech. “Imagine great-tasting foods that help protect the body from major diseases and environmental damage.”
That vision is starting to become a reality. Last year in Britain, the chemical company Roche launched Startup, a fruit juice that contains twice as many vitamins as milk. Multinational food giant Nestle is marketing a yogurt fortified with ingredients that rid the body of bacteria.
In the new millennium, natural foods won’t be able to compete with bio-engineered and processed foods. The lycopene discovery is a case in point. Processed tomato products containing oil that facilitates the absorption of lycopene are better than eating the real thing, raw tomatoes.
The conventional wisdom, however, is that, if you have a well-balanced diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables, you’ll get all the vitamins and minerals and nutrients you need for a healthy body. Supplements, nutritionists often claim, are a waste of money.
According to Dr Sheldon Saul Hendler, nutritional adviser to the US Olympic Committee, vitamin and mineral deficiencies occur in healthy individuals eating generally adequate diets. In The Doctor’s Vitamin and Mineral Encyclopedia, he writes: “There is growing evidence that substances in our ‘well-balanced’ diets contribute to cancer and other degenerative diseases. A vitamin and mineral supplement is recommended for even healthy individuals as a key element in the prevention of many of these degenerative diseases.”
The trick is to know which vitamins and minerals you need to supplement. Some of that guesswork may be eliminated by the introduction of more vitamin and mineral-enriched foods. In Australia, scientists want to lace beer with thiamine (vitamin B1) to reduce the instance of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a potentially fatal brain disorder found in heavy drinkers.
Vitamin and mineral-enriched foods, however, may also create problems through over-dosing and interaction. The optimal dose for many vitamins and minerals is unknown and some can be toxic in high doses. If you find yourself unaccountably laughing, for instance, you could be overdosing on manganese. Manganese madness is a recognized disorder that can produce manic states followed by deep depression.
As nutraceuticals or functional foods start to fill the supermarket shelves, it will become harder to work out exactly what dosage of vitamins and minerals we are ingesting or what effect it is having on us. The line between food and medicine will become increasingly blurred, and the health claims more imaginative. Most food companies are reluctant to have their product categorized as a medicine, because of the requirement for expensive research and lengthy clinical trials. In the US and Europe, nutraceuticals exist in a regulatory twilight zone. Problems aside, though, the mew revolution in food could produce some useful lifestyle products.
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