英语四级阅读信息匹配练习题
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英语四级阅读信息匹配练习题 1
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.
长篇阅读
Paper--More than Meets the Eye
A) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.
B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.
C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.
Paper from Wood
D) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.
E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.
F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.
G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish！
H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.
I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.
J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.
Paper from Rag
K) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.
L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.
M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.
1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.
2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.
3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.
4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.
5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.
6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.
7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.
8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.
9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.
10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.
文章精要：
本文主要介绍了我们平常所见所用的纸的复杂性，通过介绍用木头和破布料造纸的过程，使我们对纸的类别、属性有了更深入的了解。
答案参考：
1. B 根据题干中的信息提示词corn—flake packet,high grade card,可定位到文章第二段，该部分最后提到corn-flake packet在制造过程中比高等级的纸(high grade card)便宜.
2. C 根据题干中的`信息提示词soft wood，cotton and rags，可定位到文章第三段最后一句。
3. D 根据题干中的信息提示词final product，可将答案定位到D段，第二、三句提到最后的产品来源于纤维素纸浆。
4. D 根据题干中的信息提示词white paper and card，可将答案定位到D段，该部分最后提到为了得到白纸，纸张生产者在制造过程中添加了漂白粉和其他化学物质。
5. E 根据题干中的信息提示词essential for the tree，可将答案定位到E段，该部分提到木质素是木头的主要组成物，其作用是凝聚纤维素，但它会使纸张变得易碎。
6. F 根据题干中的信息提示词lignin，可将答案定位到F段，该部分最后提到许多纸张生产者在生产过程中会保留木质素，主要是因为它会增加树木的造纸产量。
7. G 根据题干中的信息提示词acid，可将答案定位到G段，该部分最后提到酸对相纸的原料尤其不利。
8. F 根据题干中的信息提示词lignin和paper可定位到文章的F段，因为该段提到，如果在纸张的生产中去除木质素，将会降低树木出产纸张的量，由此可以知道，去除了木质素的纸张价格必定会更加昂贵。
9. K 根据题干中的信息提示词cotton and rag waste可定位到文章的K段，该部分告诉我们，尽管用棉花和破布料造的纸里没有木质素，但它们要比木制的纸贵很多，这是因为棉花和破布料的数量比树木少得多，由此可以得出答案。
10. M 根据题干中的信息提示词Paper from Ra9可定位到文章的最后一段，该部分提出最好到专业的供应商那里去买档案材料，由此可以得出答案。
英语四级阅读信息匹配练习题 2
Deborah Kennys "Born to Rise" Tells Story of Harlem Village Academies
A) Deborah Kenny, CEO of the Harlem Village Academies, is frustrated with the nations current education system. Unlike most, though, she decided to do something about it. Part declaration part record, her book Born to Rise writes down her journey toward creating and running her own system of progressive charter schools in Harlem in New York City.
What is your educational philosophy?
B) We want our students to receive the same high-quality education as students who are privileged to attend the best private schools in the country. Personally, I believe a progressive education is superior as long as its delivered by really smart, talented teachers who know how to execute well. Its a sophisticated approach that really only works well in the hands of a really sophisticated educator. Were dealing with a little bit of a challenge because students enter this school from the regular public system. And when they enter in fifth grade, theyre not yet well-trained in the basics reading, writing, and math--which means that we have to catch them up on basic math skills, on the basics of writing. And many of them come in at a kindergarten, first, second-grade level in reading. So we have to accelerate their mastery of the basics, but we reject the idea that if you do that you cant teach that at a high level. We push ourselves constantly to think about how we can make sure that our students will catch up while we teach at the highest possible level. It means asking difficult, delicate questions, not accepting an answer that is not backed up by evidence, the kinds of things that you would expect to see in the best private schools. We aim for a high level in rich discussions where the students are asked to analyze a challenging text and where the teacher does not accept just any answer simply because the student is behaving. What makes the Harlem Village Academies different?
C) First of all, I have to say what we have in common with other charter schools because we have learned so much from them: creating an expectation that all students will attend college, naming classrooms after colleges, the longer school day, the longer school year. I feel its important to give credit where credit is due because I learned from them. In those early years when I opened the school, most of these other schools bad been around for seven years, ten years, some of them even longer.
D ) As far as what makes us different, Ill tell you what the teachers say: teachers tell us that the level of professionalism and passion for teaching at a high level and teaching above the test, not to the test, and working in an environment, where everybody is trusted to do their job and continually learning--theres this incredible culture of learning. Theres this incredible workplace culture where the adults are continually becoming better and learning more about how to become a better lead her. The teachers get to make all of the decisions about their own professional development rather than being enforced to at tend the training. They are treated like professional-grade doctors and lawyers at the. Highest level. They actually make the decisions not only about what books to use and what teaehing methed, but even about what their own professional development Ioukslike.Theres a very clear set of standards far what the students need to know and be "able to do at the end of each year and quarter, and we hold people accountable for that end goal. But we give them complete freedom to decide how theyre going to achieve it, which is how all professionals are treated. Unfortunately, its not how most teachers are treated inthis country. Most teachers are treated like factory workers, where theres a hig set ofrules on how they have to do everything.
What does the curriculum look like at Harlem Village Academy schools?
E) It looks like a classic liberal-arts curriculum, where math, reading, and writing are not the only subjects taught. Even if the state focuses its testing on those things, we do not let the state dictate our curriculum. We are interested in a rich curriculum that includes art and music and seience and social studies and a wide variety of electives, and character education is integrated throughout.
How do you address the criticisms people have regarding charter schools?
F) Id say that the .main criticisms are stemming from the fact that in a charter system the teachers are not unionized, and theyre treated as professionals instead of as manual laborers. The charter movement is challenging the current situation, its eoming along and saying we used to completely change the underlying premiere ( 前提) of how we go about public education. Parents should be able to choose the scherzi. We should give power to all parents, regardless of socioeonomie level, to choose where they send their child, and that creates market competition: if you have an amazing school with caring teachers and great results, parents are going to ~ant to choose that school. The charter movement is putting the needs of children first anti is holding teachers accountable. It ehalleuges the notion of tenure (终身教职), where theres no accountability at all.
Whats next for you and the Harlem Village Academies?
G) We are going to triple (增至三倍) in size in the next twn years. We will have a full K -12 system. Were starting two new elementary schools, we will be serving 2,000 children, but we are not eager to grow super-big. We want to use the platform of what we re learned and the results that weve produced--that ant teachers have produced--to have an ational influence on policy and on teaching methods. The laws that govern how school srun constrain the ability of the printcipal to run the school well. Theyre not allowed to build a team. And building a team where teachers are trusted, happy and cooperative is really the foundation for an excellent school. So we want to find a way to get our message out nationally and continue to be part of the movement.
1. In the Harlem Village Academies. teachers can decide themselves how they are going to achieve the teaching objectives.
2. The charter movement challenges the tenure system in making childrens needs apriority and holding, teachers responsible.
3. The Harlem Village Academies will be able to enroll 2,000 ehildren in the next twoyears
4. Deborah Kenny admits that she learns a lot from other charter schools.
5. The curriculum at Harlem Village Academies not only includes the subjects frequentlytested.
6.The Harlem Village Academies are eager to exert a national influence on policy and teaching methods.
7. Students entering the Harlem Village Academies are from the regular public system.
8. Deborah Kenny decides to create and run the Harlem Village Academies because sheis disappointed about the current education system.
9. Charter schools are mainly criticized for treating the teachers as professionals.
10. One of the challenges facing the Harlern Village Academies is how to accelerate students mastery of the basics.
答案解析
1.D).【题干译文】在哈勒姆村庄学校，老师们可以自己决定如何完成教学目标。【定位】由题千巾的Harlem Village Academics，teachers can decide themselves以及objectives定位到原文D)段倒数第三、四句：There’s a very clear set of standards for what the students need to know and be able to do at the end of cach year and quarter.and we hold people accountable for that end goal;But We give them I complete freedom to decides how they’re going to achieve it，…
【精解】由定位句可知，哈勒姆村庄学校对学生们到年末和季末需要掌握的知识有着明确标准，老师们负责达成这些目标，但是在达成目标的手段方面，老师们有绝对的自由。题干中的Call decide themselves和achieve the teaching objectives分别对应定位句中的give them complete freedom to decide和achieve it，故答案为D)。
2.F)。【题干译文】公办民营学校运动将学生需求放在首位，让老师负起责任，从而向终身聘任制发起挑战。
【定位】由题干中的charter movement和tenure system定位到原文F)段最后两句：The Charter movement is putting the needs of children first and is holding teacher>accountable.It challenges the notion of tenure(终身教职).where there’s no accountability at all.
【精解】由定位句可知，公办民营学校优先考虑学生的需要，让老师承担其责任.这与老师原来的“终身教职”的概念不同。题干中的making children’s needs a priority和holding teachers responsible分别对应原文中的putting the needs of children first和holding teachers accountable，故答案为F)。
3.G)，【题干译文】未来两年内，哈勒姆村庄学校将有能力接收2000名学生。
【定位】由题干中的2，000 children in the next two years定位到原文G)段第一句，
We are going to triple(增至三倍)in size in the next two years.和第三句：we’re starting two new elementary schools，we will be servin9 2，000 children...
【精解】定位句提到，哈勒姆村庄学校未来两年内规模将扩大三倍。后面的二、三句均是在补充说明第一句，具体描述规模扩大的程度，其中第三句提到，哈勒姆村庄学校将新建两所小学，届时将能接收2000名学生。题干中的will be able to enroll 2.000 children对应原文中的we will be servin9 2，000 children，题干中的in the next two years对应G)段第一句，故答案为G)。
4.C)。【题千译文】黛博拉肯尼承认她从其他公办民营学校那学到了很多。
【定位】由题干中的Deborah Kenny和learns a lot from other charter schools定位到原文c)段第一句：First of all，I have to say what we have in common with other charter schools because we have learned so much from them...
【精解】由定位句可知，黛博拉肯尼认为哈勒姆村庄学校与其他公办民营学校有相似之处，因为这些学校给予黛博拉肯尼许多参考之处。题干中的learns a lot对应原文中的learned SO much，故答案为c)。
5.E)。【题干译文】哈勒姆村庄学校的课程不是只包含那些经常被测试的.科目。
【定位】由题干中的curriculum at Harlem Village Academies和tested定位到原文E)段第一句：It looks like a classic liberal—arts curriculum，where math，readin9.and writing are not the only subjects taught.Even if the state focuses its testing on those things，we do not let the state dictate our curriculum.
【精解】由定位句可知，数学、阅读和写作是经常被测试的科目，但哈勒姆村庄学校不是只包含这些科目，他们不会让考试牵着鼻子走。题干中的not only includes the subject frequently tested是对原文中are not the only subjects taught和do not let the state dictate our curriculum的同义转述，故答案为E)。
6.G)。【题干译文】哈勒姆村庄学校迫切想要影响教育政策和方法。
【定位】由题干中的a national influence on policy and teaching methods定位到原文G)段第四句：We want to use the platform of what we’ve learned and the results that we’re produced--that our teachers have produced--to have a national influence On policy and on teaching methods.
【精解】由定位句可知，哈勒姆村庄学校并不急于扩张，而是要利用已有的平台和成果，在政策和教学方法方面产生全国性的影响。题干中的eager对应原文中的want;exert a national influence对应原文中的have a national influence，故答案为G)。
7.B)。【题干译文】进入哈勒姆村庄学校的学生来自普通的公立教育系统。
【定位】由题干中的Harlem Village Academies和regular public system定位到原文B)段第四句：We’re dealing with a little bit of a challenge because students enter this school from the regular public system.
【精解】由定位句可知，进入哈勒姆村庄学校的学生来自普通的公立教育系统，这给老师们的教育带来一些挑战。题干与定位句一致，故答案为B)。
8.A)。【题干译文】出于对现行教育制度的失望，黛博拉肯尼决定创办哈勒姆村庄学校。
【定位】由题干中的Deborah Kermy decides to create and ran the Harlem Village Academies和current education system定位到原文A)段前两句：Deborah Kenny，CEO of the Harlem Village Academies，is frustrated with the nation’s current education system.Unlike most，though，she decided to do something about it.
【精解】由定位句可知，黛博拉肯尼对现行教育制度感到失望，与多数人不同的是，她决定有所行动。结合全文可知，她的行动就是创办哈勒姆村庄学校。题干中的is disappointed about对应原文中的is frustrated with，其他的内容与原文一致，故答案为A)。
9.F)。【题干译文】公办民营学校遭到批评的主要原因是他们把老师当作职业人士看待。
【定位】由题干中的Charter schools are nminly criticized和professionals定位到原文F)段第一句：Id say that the main criticisms are stern rning from the fact that in a charter system the teachers able not unionized，and they’re treated as professionals instead of as manual laborers.
【精解】由定位句可知，对于这一新兴的教育体系的大多数批评来自于一个事实，即这里把老师当作职业人士，而不是体力劳动者。题干中的are mainly criticized for对应原文中的main criticisms are stemming from，故答案为F)。
10.B)。【题干译文】哈勒姆村庄学校面临的挑战之一是如何让学生们快速掌握基础知识。
【定位】由题干中的challenges，Harlem Village Academies和mastery of the basics定位到原文B)段第七句：So we have to accelerate their mastery of the basics，but we reject the idea that if you do that you Can’t teach that at a high level.
【精解】由定位句可知，哈勒姆学校必须让学生们快速掌握基础知识，且该段前几句提到，哈勒姆学校的学生都来自公立教育系统，对基础知识的掌握情况不太理想，这是哈勒姆学校面临的挑战。题干是对定位句和B)段第四、五句的整合.故答案为B)。
英语四级阅读信息匹配练习题 3
Definitions of Obesity
A) How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.
B) The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a persons height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the persons weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.
C) However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.
Health Effects of Obesity
D) Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a persons physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.
Cancer
E) Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.
F) The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a womans menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.
G) The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!
Aging
H) Research published by St Thomas Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a womans biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.
I) The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.
Dementia
J) Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.
K) Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.
Other Problems
L) The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.
M) This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.
对应题目：
1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.
2. Using the "Body Mass Index" to define a persons weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.
3. A persons emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.
4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.
5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.
6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to her biological age.
7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.
8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .
9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.
10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.
参考答案：
1. A2. C3. D4. E5. F6. H7. I8. J9. K10. L
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