初一上册知识点总结15篇
总结是把一定阶段内的有关情况分析研究，做出有指导性的经验方法以及结论的书面材料，它可以明确下一步的工作方向，少走弯路，少犯错误，提高工作效益，让我们一起认真地写一份总结吧。但是却发现不知道该写些什么，下面是小编为大家收集的初一上册知识点总结，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
初一上册知识点总结1
一、种子的萌发条件：
1、环境条件：适宜的温度、一定的水分、充足的空气
2、自身条件：具有完整的有生命力的胚，不处于休眠期。
二、测定种子的发芽率
发芽的种子数
1、发芽率=————————*100%
共检测的种子数
2、发芽率应达到90%以上，才能播种。
三、种子萌发的过程
种子先吸收水分。子叶或胚乳中的营养物质转运给胚根、胚芽、胚轴。随后，胚根先突破种皮，发育成根。胚轴伸长(发育成根茎相连的部分)，胚芽发育成茎、叶。(注：食用豆芽的白胖部分是由胚轴发育来的)
初一上册知识点总结2
本册所学的形容词不多，注意拼法和反义词
big (small) long (short) sad (happy) boring (interestingfunny ) exciting difficult
relaxing great healthy old (new) successful white (black)
初一上册知识点总结3
一、生物的特征
1、生物的生活需要营养。生物的一生需要不断从外界获得营养物质，维持生存。
2、生物能进行呼吸。绝大多数生物需要吸入氧气，呼出二氧化碳。
3、生物能排出身体内产生的废物。
4、生物能对外界刺激作出反应。
5、生物能生长和繁殖。
6、生物还具有其他特征。除病毒以外，生物都是由细胞构成的。
初一上册知识点总结4
熔化
1.定义
是指对物质进行加热，使物质从固态变成液态的过程。它是物态变化中比较常见的类型。熔化需要吸收热量，是吸热过程。
2.晶体
(1)定义：晶体是由大量微观物质单位(原子、离子、分子等)按一定规则有序排列的结构，因此可以从结构单位的大小来研究判断排列规则和晶体形态。
(2)特性：
晶体在熔化过程中温度不变
晶体有一定的熔点，即熔化的温度
不同晶体熔点不同
3.非晶体
(1)定义：非晶体是指结构无序或者近程有序而长程无序的物质，组成物质的分子(或原子、离子)不呈空间有规则周期性排列的固体，它没有一定规则的外形。
(2)特性：非晶体没有熔点
4.影响熔点的因素：(1)压强(2)杂质。
声现象
1.声音的发生：由物体的振动而产生。振动停止，发声也停止。
2.声音的传播：声音靠介质传播。真空不能传声。通常我们听到的声音是靠空气传来的。
3.声速：在空气中传播速度是：340米/秒。声音在固体传播比液体快，而在液体传播又比空气体快。
4.利用回声可测距离：S=1/2vt
5.乐音的三个特征：音调、响度、音色。(1)音调:是指声音的高低，它与发声体的频率有关系。(2)响度:是指声音的大小，跟发声体的振幅、声源与听者的距离有关系。
6.减弱噪声的途径：(1)在声源处减弱;(2)在传播过程中减弱;(3)在人耳处减弱。
7.可听声：频率在20Hz～20000Hz之间的声波：超声波：频率高于20000Hz的声波;次声波：频率低于20Hz的声波。
8.超声波特点：方向性好、穿透能力强、声能较集中。具体应用有：声呐、B超、超声波速度测定器、超声波清洗器、超声波焊接器等。
9.次声波的特点：可以传播很远，很容易绕过障碍物，而且无孔不入。一定强度的次声波对人体会造成危害，甚至毁坏机械建筑等。它主要产生于自然界中的火山爆发、海啸地震等，另外人类制造的火箭发射、飞机飞行、火车汽车的奔驰、核爆炸等也能产生次声波。
光现象知识点
1.光源：自身能够发光的物体叫光源。
2.光的直线传播：光在均匀介质中是沿直线传播。小孔成像条件：孔要足够小特点：倒立、相似、与小孔形状无关。
3.光在真空中传播速度最大，是3×10米/秒，而在空气中传播速度也认为是3×10米/秒。
4.我们能看到不发光的物体是因为这些物体反射的光射入了我们的眼睛。
5.光的反射定律：反射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上，反射光线与入射光线分居法线两侧，反射角等于入射角。(注：光路是可逆的)
镜面反射VS漫反射：镜面反射：平行光照射到光滑界面时，反射光线依然平行。
漫反射：平行光照射到凹凸不平的界面时，反射光线向四面八方散开。
漫反射和镜面反射一样遵循光的反射定律。
6.平面镜成像特点：
(1)平面镜成的是虚像;
(2)像与物体大小相等;
(3)像与物体到镜面的距离相等;
(4)像与物体的连线与镜面垂直。另外，平面镜里成的像与物体左右倒置。
7.实像：由光线汇聚而成;虚像：一种视觉感觉，并不是由实际光线汇聚而成。
8.平面镜应用：(1)成像;(2)改变光路;(3)增大视觉空间。
9.平面镜在生活中使用不当会造成光污染。
10.球面镜包括凸面镜(凸镜，发散光线)和凹面镜(凹镜，汇聚光线)，它们都能成像。具体应用有：车辆的后视镜、商场中的反光镜是凸面镜;手电筒的反光罩、太阳灶、医术戴在眼睛上的反光镜是凹面镜。
11.光的折射：光从一种介质斜射入另一种介质时，传播方向一般发生变化的现象。
12.光的折射规律：光从空气斜射入水或其他介质，折射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上;折射光线和入射光线分居法线两侧，折射角小于入射角;入射角增大时，折射角也随着增大;当光线垂直射向介质表面时，传播方向不改变。(折射光路也是可逆的)
13.太阳光是由红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫组成的。
14.光的三原色是：红、绿、蓝;颜料的三原色是：红、黄、蓝。
物态变化
1.温度：是指物体的冷热程度。测量的工具是温度计,温度计是根据液体的热胀冷缩的原理制成的。
2.摄氏温度(℃):单位是摄氏度。1摄氏度的规定：把冰水混合物温度规定为0度，把一标准大气压下沸水的'温度规定为100度，在0度和100度之间分成100等分，每一等分为1℃。
3.常见的温度计有(1)实验室用温度计;(2)体温计;(3)寒暑表。
体温计：测量范围是35℃至42℃，每一小格是0.1℃。
4.温度计使用：(1)使用前应观察它的量程和最小刻度值;(2)使用时温度计玻璃泡要全部浸入被测液体中，不要碰到容器底或容器壁;(3)待温度计示数稳定后再读数;(4)读数时玻璃泡要继续留在被测液体中，视线与温度计中液柱的上表面相平。
5.固体、液体、气体是物质存在的三种状态。
6.熔化：物质从固态变成液态的过程叫熔化。要吸热。
7.凝固：物质从液态变成固态的过程叫凝固。要放热.
8.熔点和凝固点：晶体熔化时保持不变的温度叫熔点;。晶体凝固时保持不变的温度叫凝固点。晶体的熔点和凝固点相同。
9.晶体和非晶体的重要区别：晶体都有一定的熔化温度(即熔点)，而非晶体没有熔点。
压强知识归纳
1.压力:垂直作用在物体表面上的力叫压力。
2.压强:物体单位面积上受到的压力叫压强。
3.压强公式:P=F/S，式中p单位是:帕斯卡，简称:帕，1帕=1牛/米2，压力F单位是:牛;受力面积S单位是:米2
4.增大压强方法:(1)S不变，F↑;(2)F不变，S↓
(3)同时把F↑，S↓，而减小压强方法则相反。
液体压强
1.液体压强产生原因:是因液体受到重力。使用液体压强计(U型管压强计)测量液体内部压强。
2.液体压强特点:
(1)液体对容器底和壁都有压强;
(2)液体内部向各个方向都有压强;
(3)液体的压强随深度增加而增大，在同一深度，液体向各个方向的压强相等;
(4)不同液体的压强还跟密度有关系。
3.液体压强计算公式:(ρ是液体密度，单位是千克/米3;g=9.8牛/千克;h是深度，指液体自由液面到液体内部某点的竖直距离，单位是米)
4.根据液体压强公式:可得，液体的压强与液体的密度和深度有关，而与液体的体积和质量无关。
5.流体压强大小与流速关系:在流体中流速越大地方，压强越小;流速越小的地方，压强越大。
6.流体压强大小与流速关系:在流体中流速越大地方，压强越小;流速越小的地方，压强越大。
拓展阅读：初中物理学学习技巧
物理概念和术语是学习物理学的基础，只有熟练掌握才能抓住问题的实质和关键。学习物理概念的方法有五种：
(1)分类法。对所学概念进行分类，找出它们的相同点和不同点，初中物理学的概念可分为四小类①概念的物理量是几个物理量的积，例如：功、热量;②概念是几个物理量的比值，如：速度、密度、压强、功率、效率;③概念反应物质的属性，例如：密度、比热、燃烧值、熔点、沸点、电阻率、摩擦系数等;④概念没有定义式，只是描述性的，如力、沸点、温度。
(2)对比法。对于反映两个互为可逆的物理量可用这种方法进行学习，例如：熔解与凝固、汽化与液化、升华与凝华、有用功与额外功。
(3)比较法。对于概念中有相同字眼的相似相关概念利用相比较学习的方法可以找出相同点和不同点，建立内在联系。例如"重力"与"压力"、"压力与压强"、"功与功率"、"功率与效率""虚像与实像"、"放大与变大"等。
(4)归类法。把相关联的概念进行分组比较便于形成知识系统。例如：①力、重力、压力、浮力、平衡力、作用力与反作用力。②速度、效率、功率、压强。③杠杆、支点、动力、阻力、动力臂、阻力臂、力的作用线。④熔解、液化、蒸发、沸腾、汽化、液化、升华、凝华。⑤串联、并联、混联。⑥通路、短路、断路。⑦能、机械能、功能、势能。
(5)要点法。抓住概念中关键字眼进行学习，例如"重力"由于地球的吸引而受到的竖直向上的力叫重力，这个概念中"地球的吸引""竖直向下"就是关键字眼，值得反复回味和理解。
初一上册知识点总结5
细胞是构成生物体的结构和功能基本单位。
一、细胞中的物质
有机物(一般含碳，可烧)：糖类、脂类、蛋白质、核酸，这些都是大分子
无机物(一般不含碳)：水、无机物、氧等，这些都是小分子
二、细胞膜控制物质的进出，对物质有选择性，有用物质进入，废物排出。
三、细胞内的能量转换器：
叶绿体：进行光合作用，是细胞内的把二氧化碳和水合成有机物，并产生氧。
线粒体：进行呼吸作用，是细胞内的“动力工厂”“发动机”。
二者联系：都是细胞中的能量转换器
二者区别：叶绿体将光能转变成化学能储存在有机物中;线粒体分解有机物，将有机物中储存的化学能释放出来供细胞利用。
四、动植物细胞都有线粒体。
五、细胞核是遗传信息库，遗传信息存在于细胞核中
1、多莉羊的例子p55，
2、细胞核中的遗传信息的载体——DNA
3、DNA的结构像一个螺旋形的梯子
4、基因是DNA上的一个具有特定遗传信息的片断
5、DNA和蛋白质组成染色体
不同的生物个体，染色体的形态、数量完全不同;
同种生物个体，染色体在形态、数量保持一定;
染色体容易被碱性染料染成深色;
染色体数量要保持恒定，否则会有严重的遗传病。
6、细胞的控制中心是细胞核
初一上册知识点总结6
一、方程的有关概念
1.方程：含有未知数的等式就叫做方程.
2. 一元一次方程：只含有一个未知数(元)x，未知数x的指数都是1(次)，这样的方程叫做一元一次方程.例如： 1700+50x=1800， 2(x+1.5x)=5等都是一元一次方程.
3.方程的解：使方程中等号左右两边相等的未知数的值，叫做方程的解.
注：⑴ 方程的解和解方程是不同的概念，方程的解实质上是求得的结果，它是一个数值(或几个数值)，而解方程的含义是指求出方程的解或判断方程无解的过程. ⑵ 方程的解的检验方法，首先把未知数的值分别代入方程的左、右两边计算它们的值，其次比较两边的值是否相等从而得出结论.
二、等式的性质
等式的性质(1)：等式两边都加上(或减去)同个数(或式子)，结果仍相等.
等式的性质(1)用式子形式表示为：如果a=b，那么a±c=b±c
等式的性质(2)：等式两边乘同一个数，或除以同一个不为0的数，结果仍相等，等式的性质(2)用式子形式表示为：如果a=b，那么ac=bc;如果a=b(c≠0)，那么ca=cb
三、移项法则：把等式一边的某项变号后移到另一边，叫做移项.
四、去括号法则
1. 括号外的因数是正数，去括号后各项的符号与原括号内相应各项的符号相同.
2. 括号外的因数是负数，去括号后各项的符号与原括号内相应各项的符号改变.
五、解方程的一般步骤
1. 去分母(方程两边同乘各分母的最小公倍数)
2. 去括号(按去括号法则和分配律)
3. 移项(把含有未知数的项移到方程一边，其他项都移到方程的另一边，移项要变号)
4. 合并(把方程化成ax = b (a≠0)形式)
5. 系数化为1(在方程两边都除以未知数的系数a，得到方程的解x=a(b).
六、用方程思想解决实际问题的一般步骤
1. 审：审题，分析题中已知什么，求什么，明确各数量之间的关系.
2. 设：设未知数(可分直接设法，间接设法)
3. 列：根据题意列方程.
4. 解：解出所列方程.
5. 检：检验所求的解是否符合题意.
6. 答：写出答案(有单位要注明答案)
初一上册知识点总结7
1、基数词one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen
2、序数词first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth
初一上册知识点总结8
(1)凡能写成 形式的数，都是有理数.正整数、0、负整数统称整数;正分数、负分数统称分数;整数和分数统称有理数.注意：0即不是正数，也不是负数;-a不一定是负数，+a也不一定是正数;p不是有理数;
(2)有理数的分类: ① 整数 ②分数
(3)注意：有理数中，1、0、-1是三个特殊的数，它们有自己的特性;这三个数把数轴上的数分成四个区域，这四个区域的数也有自己的特性;
(4)自然数 0和正整数;a0 a是正数;a0 a是负数;
a≥0 a是正数或0 a是非负数;a≤ 0 ? a是负数或0 a是非正数.
有理数比大小：
(1)正数的绝对值越大，这个数越大;
(2)正数永远比0大，负数永远比0小;
(3)正数大于一切负数;
(4)两个负数比大小，绝对值大的反而小;
(5)数轴上的两个数，右边的数总比左边的数大;
(6)大数-小数 0，小数-大数 0.
初一上册知识点总结9
1、探究的一般过程是从发现问题、提出问题开始的。提出问题后，根据已有的知识和生活经验，尝试对这一问题的答案作出假设。然后设计探究的方案，包括选择材料、设计方法步骤等。按照探究方案进行探究，得到结果，再分析所得结果与假设是否相符，从而得出结论。并不是所有的问题都能通过一次探究得到正确的结论。探究的一般步骤是：发现问题→提出问题→作出假设→制定计划→实施计划→得出结论
2、在《光对鼠妇生活的影响》的探究活动中，只有光照是不同的，所以它是这个实验中的变量，而其他条件如温度、土壤的潮湿程度等因素都是一样的。像这样，在研究一种条件对研究对象的影响时，所进行的除了这种条件不同以外，其他条件都相同的实验，叫做对照实验。
3、环境与生物的关系是环境对生物的影响生物对环境的适应和影响生物生活的因素有两类，生物因素：如光、温度、水、空气等分别是非生物因素：指影响某种生物生活的其他生物。最常见的是捕食关系，还有竞争关系、合作关系等。4、所有生物的生活都会受到非生物因素和生物因素的影响。
初一上册知识点总结10
一、文学常识
史铁生，1951年生于北京，著名小说家。16岁毕业于北京清华大学附属中学。18岁去陕北延安插队。21岁因病致瘫，转回北京。23岁起到北京某街道工厂做了7年的工人。后又患尿毒症，靠透析维持生命。28岁发表第一篇小说《法学教授及其夫人》，以后陆续发表中、短篇小说，散文多篇，其散文《我与地坛》被公认为中国近50年来最优秀的散文之一。小说《老屋小记》获首届鲁迅文学奖。
二、拼音
tān huàn shì xiǔ qiáo cuì
瘫 痪 侍弄 整宿 憔 悴
shàn wān jué màn
仿膳 豌豆 诀别 烂漫
fù xù dāo
翻来覆去 絮絮叨叨
三、词语
侍弄：经营照管
憔悴：形容人瘦弱，面色不好看
诀别：多指不再相见的分别
絮絮叨叨：形容说话啰嗦，唠叨。
喜出望外：遇到出乎意料的事情而特别高兴。
四、段落划分
第一部分（1）：母亲忍受着病痛的折磨，对“我”百般抚慰。
第二部分（2—5）：母亲准备带“我”去看菊花时，因病去世了。
第三部分（6）：妹妹推“我”去北海赏菊，表达了对母亲的怀念。
初一上册知识点总结11
1、绿色开花植物是由根、茎、叶、花、种、果实六大器官组成的。其中，根茎叶属于营养器官;花果实种子属于生殖器官。
2、在成熟的植物体内，总保留着一部分不分化的细胞，它们终生保持分生能力，这样的细胞群构成的组织，叫做分生组织。分生组织的细胞小，细胞壁薄，细胞核大，细胞质浓，具有很强的分裂能力，能够不断产生新细胞，再由这些细胞分化形成其他组织，如保护组织（保护内部器官）、疏导组织（如茎、叶脉、根尖对成熟区等能运输水和无机盐）、营养组织（储藏营养物质）等。
初一上册知识点总结12
定语从句：
（一）基础：引导词---who, which, that, whom,
练习1.I like cities___________are quiet and clean. 2.I prefer students _________are hard- working.
3.I hate TV shows _________ are noisy and boring.4.The music __________ is gentle and quiet attracts me a lot.
5.The food __________tastes delicious is not always healthy.
6.Those boys ___________ are playing basketballs over there are from Class Fifteen.
7.The books ____________ are written by Lu Xun are worth reading.
8.The town ___we visited last week is much larger than before.9.The book ___ he bought is very interesting.
（二）特例：只用that的情况
1、先行词被___________或___________所修饰，或本身是______________________时，只能用that，
2.被修饰的先行词为________________________________________________等不定代词时,只能用that.
3.先行词被_____________________________________________等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。
4.先行词里同时含有______________________，如I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
5.以______________________引导的特殊疑问句，只能用that.如：Who is the girl that is crying?
练习1. I am interested in everything___ is about the 20xx World Cup.
2. Is there anything___I can do for you? 3. This is the very bike ______I lost
4.To my surprise, he gave me nothing __ I need. 5.This is the best dictionary __ I have ever used.
6. He was the first person _______passed the exam.
7.He talked happily about the men and books________interested him greatly.
（三）whose 1. The student ______father works in the factory is sitting there.
2. I like the rooms ______windows face south.3. This is the desk ______legs were broken.
4The woman ___ umbrella you took is angry about it.5.Here comes a girl ___ handwriting is the best .
6The banana __skin is green can’t be eaten.7That tall tree _ leaves are yellow is very old.
（四）从句谓语单复数由先行词确定，时态由从句时间状语决定，不必跟主句保持一致。
1-He is one of the boys who ____ (doesn’t, don’t) finish doing homework.
2-I like films which ____(be) exciting and interesting.
3-Children who often ____(eat) junk food are easy to become fat and unhealthy.
4-That boy who _____(run) fastest is from our class.
5Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be)
6The trees which _____ (be) watered yesterday belong to them. 7The man who ____ over there is our teacher.(stand) 8Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be)
9Mr. Brown is one of the foreign experts _______ _________ (work) in China.
10I’m one of the boys ______ ________(like) English best.
(五)“介词＋关系代词”注意：介词的选用要考虑：
A.与先行词的搭配关系
1）I will never forget the day __________ I joined the army.
2) I will never forget the days ______ I worked here.
3) I will never forget the year ____________ my son went to college.
B.与谓语动词的搭配习惯
1）Have you found the book ________I paid 29 dollars?
2）Have you found the book ________I spent 29 dollars?
3) Have you found the book _____________we learnt a lot?
4) Have you found the book _______she often talks?
关系副词的用法
练习：1. It must be a good place ________________we can do a lot of exercise.
2.This is the village _________________we visited last week.
3.The house _______ we live in is very big./ The house _______ we live is very big
4. The woman ___________ talked to you just now is a doctor. The woman ______ you talked to is my sister.
The woman to ___________ you talked is my sister. 5. This is the hospital ____________ I was born in.
This is the hospital in _________I was born. This is the hospital____________ I was born.
综合练习一.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
1. The boy ______ is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
2. This is the present ____he gave me for my birthday.3.The man _______ talked to you just now is an engineer.
4. He talked about the teachers and schools _______ he had visited.
5. There is nothing in the world ______can frighten him.6. We visited a factory _______makes toys for children.
7. Is this the place _______ your father once lived 8. I’ll never forget the days _______ I joined the League.
9The car______my father bought last month is beautiful.10The man______hair is white is his grandfather.
二( )1.Rosa likes music ___ is quiet and gentle. A. when B. that C. where D. who
( )2.--Is the girl _ is interviewing the manager of that company your friend--Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV.
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
( )3 Yao Ming is a famous basketball star ___ is playing in the NBA. A. whose B. who C. what D. which
( )4. The doctor ___I am waiting for is Mr. Smith. A. which B. whom C. whose D. why
( )5. --- Do you know Hong Zhanhui? ---Yes. He’s the college student ____ has moved Chinese people a lot.
A. who B. which C. what D. whom
( )6. In my family, my sister is the only person __ loves chocolate. A. which B. who C. whom D. she
( )7. This is the place ____ the old man lived last year. A. when B. where C. that D.which
( ) 8. The song ___ Jay Zhou sings are popular with students. A. why B. whom C. what D. which
( )9. The farmer was very thankful to the doctor ___ treated his son. A. what B. which C. who D. whose
( )10.I like to live in a house__ is big and bright. A. that B. who C. how D. why
( )11. The young lady ___ we met yesterday is our new math teacher. A. what B. whose C. whom D. which
( )12. --Can you introduce the town to me? --OK. This is the town in __ I was born. A. that B. who C. which
( )13. Miss green is the only person __ can help you with your English. A. she B. whom C. which D. who
( )14. I like the second football match ___was held last week. A. which B. who C. that D. /
( )15. Is there anything ____ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs
( )16. I hate people ___ don’t help others when they are in trouble. A. who B. which C. they
( )17. This is the only book ___I am looking for. A. that B. which C. who D. whom
( )18 Her sister__ you met at my home was a teacher of English. A. whom B. that is C. which D. who is
( )19 The book__is sold out at the moment. A.you need Bwhat you need C.which you need it D that you need it
( )20 I'm one of the boys ______never late for school. A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is
( )21.__cleans the classroom can go home first. A. Anyone B. Those who C. However D. The one who
( )22. The old man __yesterday is a scientist.A.I spoke B. I spoke to C. whom I spoke D. that I spoke to him
中考定语从句真题演练
1.--- Is the girl __ is interviewing the manager of that company your friend? --Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV. A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
2. Do you still remember the movie _____ we saw last weekend? A. who B. what C. that D. whom
3. ---Who is your new English teacher? ---Elena, the woman ____ is wearing a red T-shirt over there.
A.不填B. whom C. whose D. who
4. Is that the man _____ helped us a lot after the earthquake? A. whose B. which C. when D. who
5. ---What are you looking for? --- I’m looking for the pen ___ I bought yesterday. A. who B. which C. whose
6. This is the novel_____ written by Guo Jingming. A. who B. what C. that D. /
7. We should be ready to help the people ____ are in trouble. A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
8. Two years has passed, but Chinese people still remember those exciting days ____ they spent during the Beijing 20xx Olympic Games. A. that B. who C. when
9. The magician _____ played magic tricks in 20xx CCTV Spring Festival Gala is Liu Qian. He is popular in China now. A. whose B. who C. which
10. July likes music very much. She likes music ____ she can dance to. A. what B. who C. that
11. At school, you should do the things _____ are allowed by the teachers. A. that B. when C. what
12. Thought is the key _____ opens the doors of the world. A. why B. where C. which D. who
13. The gentlemen ___ are coming to my office tomorrow are my classmates many years ago.
A. whom B. who C. those D. which
14. That’s the man _____ house was destroyed in the storm. A. that B. whose C. who D. which
15. The girl ____ I just talked with is Ben’s sister. A. whom B. which C. she
16. I love people ____ are friendly to others. A. which B. whose C. what D. who
17. It’s time to say goodbye to my school. I’ll always remember the people _____ have helped me.
A. who B. what C. which D. where
18. I like the teacher ____ classes are very interesting and creative. A. which B. who C. what D. whose
19. Do you know the boy ____ is sitting next to Peter? ---Yes. He is Peter’s friend. They are celebrating his ____ birthday. A. who, ninth B. that, nineth C. /, nineth D. which, ninth
20.ShaolinTemple__lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors from abroad.A.where B.which C.who
二宾语从句
1宾语从句的学习要注意三个方面
第一：语序：在宾语从句中，一律用___________。
如Where does she live? ( Do you know?) ----Do you know where she lives?
***几个特殊的特殊疑问句
Which is the way to the nearest shop?/ What’s wrong with you?/ What’s up?/ What’s the matter?
这几个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序,在宾语从句中不需调整语序。
第二：时态; 1）如果主句是___________，宾语从句时态根据实际情况而定.
如：1. It’s going to rain. I think. ---I think it’s going to rain.
2. “I will go with you .” he says. ---He says he will go with me.
3. He studied English ten years ago. I know. I know he studied English ten years ago.
2）主句是___________，宾语从句要用___________。
如：It’s going to rain. I thought. ---I thought it was going to rain.
“I will go with you.” he said. ---He said he would go with me.
3).若从句表达的是___________，规律，不管主句是什么时态，从句都用___________。
如1 The earth turns round the sun. The teacher told us---The teacher told us that the earth turns round the sun.
2 Light travels much faster than sound. She said … ---She said that light travels much faster than sound.
第三：连接词1)如果被连接的句子是___________，那么连接词用___________, (也可省)
如1. He’ll be back in a month. ( I hear…) I hear ( that ) he will be back in a month.
2. I have been to the Great Wall once. ( He tells me…) He tells me ( that ) he has been to the Great Wall once.
2.)如果被连接的句子是___________,则用连接词___________
如：*Does he live in that house? ( She asked me …) She asked me if/ whether he lived in that house.
*Have you finished your homework? ( I want to know…) I want to know if you have finished your homework.
3) ___________句，用原句中的特殊疑问词引导：what, who, where, when, which, why, how (many/ much/ often/ long/ old).如：Who are you waiting for? Can you tell me? --- Can you tell me who you are waiting for?
What did he do yesterday? I don’t know. ---I don’t know what he did yesterday.
***其中以wh-疑问词或how引导的宾语从句与动词不定式可相互转换
如I don’t know what I can do.可以说成I don’t know what to do.
The policeman showed me where I could get books.可以说成The policeman showed me where to get books.
Can you tell me how I can make a kite?可以说成Can you tell me how to make a kite?
4).宾语从句___________。在_________________________________等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语上去，而将从句谓语改为肯定形式。如：I don’t think he has time to play with the girl.
二．综合练习
1．I want to know __
A. whom is she looking after B. whom she is looking C．whom is she looking D．whom she is looking after
2．I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow．
A．when does he come B．how will he come C．if he comes D．whether he'll come
3．Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is？A．what B．how C．whether D．where
4．Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help？
A．how did he mend B．what did he mend C．how he mended D．what he mended
5．I don't know if he____ tomorrow. If he _____，I'll tell you．
A．comes, comes B．will come, will come C. will come, comes D. comes, will come
6．Do you know where _________ now？A．he lives B．does he live C．he lived D．did he live
7．Do you know what time ___？A．the train leave B．does the train leave C．will the train leave Dthe train leaves
8．I don't know _________．Can you tell me，please？A．how the two players are old
B．how old are the two players C．the two players are how old D．how old the two players are
9．The small children don't know _________．A．what is their stockings in
B．what is in their stockings C．where is their stockings in D．what in their stockings
10．I can't understand _________．A．what does Christmas mean B．what Christmas does mean
C．what mean Christmas does D．what Christmas means
11 . When the job______, let me know. A .do B .done C .is done D .finished
12 .She asked me if I knew__ .A .whose pen is it B .whose pen it was C whose pen it is D .whose pen was it 13 .Miss Li wants to know _____________next week . A .when my uncle leaves
B .when will my uncle leave C .where my uncle will stay D .where does my uncle stay
14 .Could you tell me ________________with the money ? A .how to do B .what should I do C .how I should do D .what I should do
中考宾语从句真题演练
( )1. Everyone can play an important role in the society．As members，we should try our best to do__.
A. what we should do B. what should we do C. how we should do
( )2. --I really hope to keep in touch with Lily. --Sorry. I don't know __.
A. what her name is B. what her job is C. what her number is D. when she left
( )3 —Can you tell me ______? —By doing more speaking. A how I will improve my English
B. which way can I choose C. how do I deal with my English D. what’s wrong with my English
( )4. How lovely the dog is ! Can you tell me _____?
A. where did you get it B. where will you get it C. where you got it
( )5.. --Excuse me, could you tell me ____ the book about aliens? --Sure, take the escalator to the second floor.
A. where I can buy B. where can I buy C. when can I buy D. when I can buy
( )6-“Do you know_ have our summer holiday?”-“Next week.”A.when will we B.when are weC. when we will
( )7 ---Do you know ____ the MP4 yesterday? -- Sorry, I’ve no idea about it.
A. how much did he pay for B. how much he paid for C. he paid for how much D. he paid how much for
( )8--What time will Mr. Brown be back to China? -- Sorry. I don’t know ___.
A. when did he go abroad B.why he is going abroad C.how soon will he be back Dhow long he will stay abroad
（）9. You can’t image ___ when the pupils received these nice presents on Children’s Day.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
（）10. –Can you tell me ______?–She is in the computer lab.
A. where Linda was B. where is Linda C. where was Linda D. where Linda
( )11. –Do you know _______ the Capital Museum? –Next Friday.
A. when will they visit B. when they will visit C. when did they visit D. when they visited
( )12. He wanted to know____the English party.
A. when will we have B. when we will have C. when would we have D. when we would have
( )13. I want to know_______.
A. when we should arrive at the airport B. when should we arrive at the airport
C. when the airport we should arrive at D. when the airport should we arrive at
( )14. –David, look at the man in white over there. Can you tell me_______? –He is a doctor.
A. who is he B. who he is C. what is he D. what he is
( )15. –Do you know___the girl in red is? –I’m not sure. Maybe a teacher. A. when B. how C. where D. what
( )16. Your T-shirt is so cool. Could you tell me ________?
A. where you buy it B. where do you buy it C. where you bought it D. where did you buy it is
( )17. I really want to know ____ . A. what is wrong with my brother
B. how will he go to Beijing tomorrow C. if had he bought that car D. where did he go yesterday
( )18. Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me ?
A.where is the bank nearestB. where is the nearest bankC.where the nearest bank isD. the nearest bank is where
( )19.Lily’s mother looked for her for half an hour, but couldn’t find ____.
A. What Lily was. B. What was Lily C. Where Lily was D. Where was Lily
( )20--Could you tell me___? He is wanted by the head teacher.--Sorry, I’ve no idea.But he _ here just now．
A. where Tim was, was B. where is Tim，was C. where Tim is，was D．where Tim is，is
三、状语从句：
一）.条件状语从句：引导词为:if, unless。
形式：
主句_______________,从句______________.
练习：1.I am waiting for my friend.____________, I’ll do shopping alone.
A.If she comes B.If she will come C.If she doesn’t come D.If she didn’t come
2.I am sure I can make it better, if our teacher _________me a second chance.A.give B.gave C.gives D.will give
3.The art club is for members only. You can’t go in___you are a member. A.unless B.Because C.if D.though
4.I ________the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow. A.will return B.returned C.have returned D.return
5. 1）You won’t pass the final exam ___________(除非)you work hard.
2) The children __________ climb the mountain if it __________________(不下雨)
3) _______________________if he comes. (给我打电话）
二）时间状语从句：(常见从属连词有when,before, after, until, as soon as, while…)
1）As soon as he _____in Paris, he will call you. A.arrive B.arrived C.arrives
2）Don’t leave until the rain_______.A.stopped B.stops C.stopping D.stop
3）You can go skating after you ____A.finish the job B.finished the job C.finishing the job
4) I’ll tell her the good news when he _____ back. A.came B.comes C.come
5）Father was watching TV ________ Mum was washing dishes. A.before B. while C.after D.until
6）I was watching TV ____ you called me last night. A.when B.while C.until D.after
7) I ______ here since I came to China. A.lived B.have lived C.am living D. had living
8).My grandma didn’t go to sleep______ I got back home. A.till B.until C.since D.when
三）原因状语从句：(常用连词有because, since, as)
1. Tom is ill at home, _____he can’t come here. A.so B.if C.because D.and
2.—Why did you come to school late this morning?--___I watched the Football World Cup until 12:00 last night. A.If B.Because C.Since D.Though
3.I hope to go to France some day__there are many museums there.A.though B. unless C. because D. where
四）结果状语从句：由so… that…/such…that/so that引导的从句（so后接形、副原级）
1）与too…to…句型的转换：
He ran so fast that I couldn’t catch up with him. =______________________________________________
The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it= ___________________________________________________
2）“so… that +从句”与“enough to”的替换
He’s so strong that he can carry the box.=___________________________________________________
He is not old enough to go to school.=________________________________________________________
3)so that…/ so…that…/such…that ____________________________________________________________
如：He got up early in the morning so that he could catch the early bus.
The boy is so strong that he can lift up the heavy stone. He is such a clever boy that all of us like him.
练习：1.--He was _______tired ______he fell asleep as soon as he lay down. -- Oh, we can go out and let him have a good rest..A.too;to B.so; that C.enough; to D.such; that
2.There were _______many people ____I couldn’t find where she is. A.so;that B.so;as C.such;that D.as;that
3. He ran as fast as possible__he could reach school on time. A.in order to B so as to C such that D so that
4. They are ___interesting books __ I want to read them once more.A.so that B.such…that C.too…to D.so…that
综合练习
1.You may leave the classroom when you__writing.A.will finish Bare finishing C have finished Dhad finished
2. Would you give Johnny this letter if you ________ to see him this week.
A. will happen B. happen C. are happened D. happened
3. She was busy, ____she couldn’t go to your birthday party last night. A. and B. so C. or D. but
4. English is ________ a useful language ________ it is spoken in many countries of the world.
A. so…that B. such…that C. so…because D. such…because
5. Don’t cross the street __ the traffic lights are green. A. after B. until C. while D. since
6. Your dream won’t come true__ you know what your dream is. A. after B. unless C. while D. since
7. --Could you ask him if he __to my birthday party next Sunday? –I will, if I __ him this afternoon.
A. comes, meet B. will come, will meet C. comes, will meet D. will come, meet
8. Sarah is ______ a hard-working girl ______ she often works late into night.
A. so; that B. too; to C. such; that D. not only; but also
状语从句真题练习
1.—Where was your brother at this time last night?—He was writing an e-mail ___I was watching TV at home.
A.as soon as B.after C.until D.while
2.The film “Kung Fu Panda” is___interesting__I would like to see it again. A.such,that B.too,to C.as,as D.so that
3.Tom will call me as soon as he ___home. A.gets B.has got C.got D.will get
4. We will have no water to drink___we don’t protect the earth. A.until B.before C.though D.if
5.We won’t start the meeting ___our teacher arrives. A.though B.until C.while D.or
6.Bob promises to join in the football match____he has to help his parents on the farm..
A. if B.as C. unless D. when
7.___it’s difficult to make her dream come ture, she never gives up. A.Though B.Unless C.Because D.If
8.---Could you tell me when Mr. Li___in Huanggang?---Sure. When he ___, I’ll call you.
A.arrives; will arrive B.will arrive; arrives C.arrives; arrives D.will arrive; will arrive
9.In summer, food goes bad easily__it is put in the refrigerator. A.until B.if C.unless
10.A moment, please. I’m checking if Mr. Smith__free tomorrow. A.is B.being C.to be D.will be
11.I didn’t go to bed __my mother came back late last night.A.so; B.until C.though
12.Hurry up,___you will miss the early train. A. or B.and C.if D.unless
13.---Tommy, do you know if Frank___to the theatre with us this Sunday if it ___?---Sorry, I have no idea.
A.will go, is fine; B.goes, is fine C.will go, is going to be fine D.goes; will be fine
14.What a beautiful painting it is! I’ve never seen ___painting. A.such a B.a C.such D.this better
15.I don’t know __he will come tomorrow.___he comes, I’ll tell you.
A.if, Whether B.whether, Whether C.if, That D.if, If
复合句综合检测
( )1.Is this museum_ they visited last month? A. that B. where C. which D. the one
( )2. Is that book ____ he borrowed on Friday? A. that B. which C. who D. the one
( )3 The second book__I want to read is Business at the Speed of Thought. A. which B. what C. that D. as
( )4 –Do you know the man __is running along the street? A who B which C whom
( )5. Without friendship, one can’t be happy although he is rich enough. As for me, I will never forget the days ___I spent with my dearest friend. A that B when C who
( )6 This is the best TV play __we have seen this year. A when B what C who D that
( )7--Have you found the information about famous people ____you can use for report?
--Not yet. I’ll search some on the Internet. A which B who C what D whom
( )8--Have you been to the Sports Center___ is just opened in town? - -No, no yet.
A where B who C that D when
( )9 --Bob, where do you work?--I work for a company ___sells cars. A which B where C what
( )10____ have finished the work can leave. A. Those who B. Anyone C. The one who
( )11. The building that ___new is our school. A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )12. The pandas that we saved ____better now. A. are B. were C. is D. was
( )13 This is the only thing _________ I have lost.A.which B.that C.where
( )14.--Could you tell me____?--Sorry, I don’t know. I was not at the meeting. A. what does he say at the meeting. B what did he say at the meeting. C. what he says at the meeting D. what he said at the meeting
( )15. No one can be sure____ in a million years.
A. what man looks like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what man will look like
( )16. -- Could you tell me ____?-- She is a student in Eton School.
A. where Kate is studying B. how Kate studies C .why Kate was studying D. when Kate studied
( )17.-- Could you tell me___ yesterday?-- About two hours. A. How long it takes to fly to Guilin B. How long it took to fly to Guilin C.How long does it take to fly to Guiln D. How long did it take to fly to Guilin
( )18. Please tell me____.A. what is wrong with the boy B. what is the boy wrong C. what wrong the boy is
( )19. She will hate him when she _more about him .A.knowsB .know C.will know Dis going to know
( )20. --Excuse me. Do you know_____?--Sorry, I don’t know. A. where is No. 1 Middle School
B. where No. 1 Middle School is C. No. 1 Middle School is where D. No. 1 Middle School where is
( )21. At the science museum，the boys and girls get to know__________. A. what is the spaceship like
B. what the spaceship looks like C. how the spaceship looks 1ike D. how does the spaceship1ook like
( )22. He didn’t tell me ____.
A. which floor did he live on B. which floor he lived on C. which floor he lived D. he lived on which floor
( )23. I’m new here. Could you tell me__, please?A. when does the first bus arrive B. when the first bus arrives
C. when did the first bus arrive D.when will the first bus arrive
( )24. I wonder how long_______school?
A. has he been away from B. he has been away C. he has left D. he has been away from
( )25. ---We can use MSN to talk with each other on the Internet. ---Really? Will you please show ____it? ‘
A. what to use B. how to use C. how can I use D. where can I use
( )26. The teacher asked the students . A. if they were interested in chatting online
B. when was Albert Einstein born C. what they will do with the computers D. how often they go to movies
( )27---Could you tell me how long __the book?--Three days.
A.I can keep B.can I borrow C.I can borrow D. can I keep
( )28.I can’t understand ___the boy alone at home.
A.why she left B.did she leave C.why had she left D.why she leave
( )29. You will not succeeded if you ______ harder. A. will work B. won’t work C. work D. don’t work
( )30.Write clearly __your teacher can understand you correctly. A.since B.for C.because Dso that
( )31.______he failed , he went on doing the experiment .A. Even B. Yet C. Although D. in spite of
( )32.The dog went out while we __ supper. A. had B. had had C. were having D. would have
( )33.His brother has worked there ________ he left schoo A.when B. after C. since D. until
( )34.The boy didn’t stop talking ____the second bell rang. A.when B. until C. after D. because
( )35. __I came into the office, the teacher were having a meeting.A.While B. When C. Once D. Since
( )36.I was about to leave my house __ the telephone rang. A.while B. as C. when D. since
初一上册知识点总结13
1、公元前20xx年，禹建立夏朝，这是我国历第一个奴隶制王朝。P15
2、汤灭夏，建立商朝，盘庚迁殷后，商朝统治稳定。P21
3、公元前1046年，周武王经牧野之战灭商，建立周朝，定都镐。P23
4、西周实行分封制，加强了对各地的统治。P23—24
5、公元前771年，西周灭亡。P24
6、商朝的司母戊鼎是世界上已发现的的青铜器，湖南宁乡出土了造型奇特的四羊方尊P26
7、“三星堆”文化遗址出土的青铜面具、大型青铜立人像、青铜神树等引起了中外人士的瞩目。P27
8、农业、畜牧业、手工业和商业的繁荣，形成了我国夏、商西周灿烂的青铜文明。P27
9、公元前770年，周平王东迁洛，史称“东周”。东周分为春秋和战国两个时期。P30
10、春秋五霸：齐桓公、晋文公、楚庄王、吴王夫差、越王勾践。P30—32
11、齐桓公提出“尊王攘夷”的口号。P31
初一上册知识点总结14
一、生物区别于非生物要看生命现象：
新陈代谢
2.生长发育
3.繁殖
4.遗传变异
5.应激性
病毒是个特殊的例子：病毒无细胞结构，繁殖方式是自我复制，寄生生活，所以是生物。
二、新陈代谢是其他各项生命活动的基础。
三、探究实验要求设置对照装置并且变量唯一。巴斯德最成功的地方是他动手设计了曲颈瓶。
四、显微镜的考点：
①由低倍镜换高倍镜时视野变暗，物象变大，视野中的数目增多。
②显微镜最主要的结构是目镜和物镜。③对光时用低倍的物镜和遮光器上的大光圈对准通光孔
④观察装片时：镜筒下降时，操作者的眼睛注视物镜，目的避免压碎玻片标本。
⑤在显微镜视野中看到一个污点，你推测它可能存在的位置是目镜、物镜、玻片标本。先转目再移片
⑥物镜放大倍数越大，镜头的长度越长。目镜放大倍数越大，镜头的长度越短。
五、生物体结构和功能的基本单位是细胞。
动物细胞和植物细胞的区别是无细胞壁、叶绿体、液泡。
六、细胞分裂时，细胞核内的遗传物质先复制。然后是细胞核一分为二，再然后是细胞质分成两份。
七、细胞分化的结果是产生了组织。例如：“麻雀虽小，五脏俱全”生物体内存在不同的结构主要是由于细胞分化的结果。
八、动物体比植物体多的结构层次是系统。植物体的结构层次：细胞 组织 器官 植物体。
九、鸟冬天换上白色的羽毛，大大减少了被捕食的机会，有的时候冬季少雪或迟下雪，这种情况下，雷鸟换上白色的羽毛反而容易被捕食，这说明①生物适应环境②适应的相对性。
十、俗话说：大树底下好乘凉，即植物多的地方，空气清新湿润。这种现象说明生物影响环境。
十一、影响生物生活的因素是非生物因素和生物因素。
例如1、菊花在秋天开放，说明影响生物的因素是光照时间（非生物因素）。
2、草盛豆苗稀，影响生物生活的因素是：生物因素。
十二1、生长在水中的睡莲，其根和茎都有发达并相通的气腔，以满足呼吸的需要。说明生物适应环境。
2、冬青冬天郁郁葱葱，而其它树的叶子都已经掉落，这都是生物适应环境的例子。
3、生物对每一种环境因素都有一定的耐受范围。
十三、藻类植物无根茎叶的分化，其中水绵是多细胞的藻类；衣藻是单细胞；大气中90%的氧气是由藻类植物提供的。 （水绵叶绿体成带状）
十四、蕨类植物的地上部分是叶，有根茎叶的分化，有了输导组织，生殖方式是孢子生殖。
十五、种子植物包括裸子植物和被子植物。
1、主要区别是种子外面有无果皮包被；
2、裸子植物的种子是裸露的。
3、松、衫、柏、银杏是属于裸子植物，但卷柏是属于蕨类植物。
4、被子植物又叫做绿色开花植物，有根、茎、叶（营养器官）、花、果实、种子（生殖器官）六大器官。
十六、1、保卫细胞和表皮细胞结构的区别是保卫细胞有叶绿体。
2、叶片结构包括表皮、叶肉、叶脉。
3、气孔的开关和闭合受保卫细胞控制，气孔主要分布在下表皮。保卫细胞的形状是半月形。
4、气孔是植物体蒸腾失水的门户，也是植物与外界进行气体交换的窗口。
5、蒸腾作用的强弱受光照强度、环境温度、空气湿度、空气流动状况的影响。
十七、蒸腾作用的意义:
1、蒸腾作用能促进植物体从土壤中吸收水分；
2、促进水分和无机盐从根部输送到茎叶等器官。
3、还能使植物体有效的散热降温。例如：小麦结果时，根系吸收的水分主要用于蒸腾作用。移栽植物时一般要摘掉几个叶片或选择阴天、傍晚时移栽，目的是降低蒸腾作用。
十八、光合作用的实质是合成有机物、储存能量（把光能转化为储存在有机物中的化学能）。而呼吸作用的实质是分解有机物、释放能量，作用是为细胞的生命活动提供能量。例如：新鲜的苹果需要用保鲜袋包装起来，目的是降低呼吸作用。
十九、地球上所有生物能量的最终是太阳能。例如牛吃的是草，挤出来的是奶，牛奶里有机物中的能量最终于太阳能。兔子吃草，狼吃兔子，狼体内的有机物中的能量最终于太阳能。
二十、
动物类别代表动物运动呼吸体温其他
环节动物蚯蚓刚毛和肌肉湿润的体壁变
温如何区分蚯蚓的前后端？
节肢动物蝗虫足和翅气门（气管）外骨骼的作用？
鱼类鲫鱼鳍鳃侧线的作用
鸟类家鸽翼和足肺恒温双重呼吸？气囊的作用？
哺乳类家兔足 肺特有结构膈，胎生哺乳
二十一、鸟：1、嗉囊：暂时贮存和软化食物2、肌胃：充分研磨和初步消化食物3、小肠：彻底消化。
二十二、哺乳动物的运动系统包括：骨、骨连结、骨骼肌。关节的组成：关节面、关节腔、关节囊。
关节既牢固（关节囊及里外的韧带），又灵活（关节软骨，关节腔内有滑液）。 双手提重物时，肱二头肌和肱三头肌都收缩。双臂自然下垂时，肱二头肌和肱三头肌都舒张。
二十二、根据获得的途径，可以分为先天性行为（如蜜蜂采集花蜜、育雏期的母鸡照顾小猫、繁殖期的小鸟给金鱼喂食）和学习行为又叫后天性行为（如黑熊表演投篮球）。
二十三、动物在生物圈中的作用：
1、动物能促进生物圈中的物质的循环。
2、动物的活动影响植物的繁衍生息。
3、动物对于维持生物圈的生物种类和数量的相对稳定起着十分重要的作用。
二十四、病毒是一类没有细胞结构的特殊生物。它们是由蛋白质外壳和内部的遗传物质组成。
病毒必须寄生在活细胞内才能生活和繁殖。病毒营养方式：寄生。繁殖方式：自我复制。
二十五、细菌结构：基本结构：细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、未成形的细胞核。特殊结构：鞭毛、荚膜。营养方式：异养，分腐生和寄生两种。繁殖方式：分裂繁殖。
当环境变得不利于细菌生长时，有些细菌能够形成一个椭圆的休眠体，叫做芽孢。
二十六、真菌结构：细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核。
种类 ①单细胞真菌：如酵母菌。②多细胞真菌：如霉菌、曲霉、蘑菇，由菌丝构成。
营养方式：异养 繁殖方式：大部分真菌孢子生殖
例题1、在一个装片盒里，有一张细菌和一张酵母菌的永久装片的标签脱落了，你可以依据什么把它们区分开来，重新贴上标签呢？ 答：是否有成形的细胞核。
2、生物圈中处理垃圾的“清洁工”主要是什么？ 腐生的细菌和真菌。
二十七、细菌真菌在生物圈的作用是：促进生物圈中的碳的循环和氮的循环。
二十八、生物学家根据生物的形态、结构、生活习性，把生物划分为界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。
初一上册知识点总结15
1.目前世界上已知的最早的纸出现在西汉早期。
2.东汉改进造纸术的重要历史人物是蔡伦。意义：世界各国的造纸术，大多是由我国直接或间接传去的。造纸术的发明是我国人民对世界文化的巨大贡献。
3.东汉时期的张衡制造的地动仪。作用：测定地震的方向。是世界公认的最早的地震仪器。
4.东汉华佗最早制成了“麻沸散”，是世界医学史上的创举。主要著作《五禽戏》。
5.东汉末年的张仲景著《伤寒杂病论》。书中阐述中医理论和治病原则。他医德高尚，医术高明，后世尊称他为“医圣”。
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