初一语法知识点总结

时间:2024-10-29 09:50:56 初一 我要投稿
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初一语法知识点总结

  上学期间,说起知识点,应该没有人不熟悉吧?知识点也可以通俗的理解为重要的内容。哪些知识点能够真正帮助到我们呢?下面是小编为大家整理的初一语法知识点总结,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

初一语法知识点总结

  1、名词

  A)、名词的数

  我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:

  一)在后面加s。如:fathers,books,Americans,Germans,apples,bananas

  二)x,sh,ch,s,tch后加es。如:boxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes,faxes

  三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es如:baby—babies,family—families,duty—duties,comedy—comedies,documentary—documentaries,story—stories

  2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:day—days,boy—boys,toy—toys,key—keys,ways

  四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如:radios,photos,但如是辅音加o的加es:如:tomatoes西红柿,potatoes马铃薯

  五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如:knife—knives,wife—wives,half—halves,shelf—shelves,leaf—leaves,yourself—yourselves

  六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese

  七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants,shorts,shoes,glasses,gloves,clothes,socks

  八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police警察局,警察,class班,同学,family家,家庭成员

  九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie—action movies,pen pal—pen pals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor—men doctors,woman teacher—women teachers

  十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish鱼fishes鱼的种类,paper纸papers报纸,卷子,论文,work工作works作品,工厂,glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯,眼镜,orange桔子水oranges橙子,light光线lights灯,people人peoples民族,time时间times时代,次数,chicken鸡肉chickens小鸡

  十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如:Is(I’s),Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如:IDs,VCDs,SARs

  十二)特殊形式的有:child—children,man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,mouse—mice,policeman—policemen,Englishman—Englishmen

  B)名词的格

  当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:

  一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s,Mike’s,teacher’s

  二)复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’,如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’Day教师节,classmates’;Children’s Day六一节,Women’s Day三八节

  三)由and并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

  2、代词

  人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性

  第一人称单数I me my mine myself

  复数we us our ours ourselves

  第二人称单数you you your yours yourself

  复数you you your yours yourselves

  第三人称单数she her her hers herself

  he him his his himself

  it it its its this that itself

  复数they them their theirs these thosethemselves

  3、动词

  A)第三人称单数

  当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s,如下:

  一)一般在词后加s。如:comes,spells,waits,talks,sees,dances,trains

  二)在x,sh,ch,s,tch后加es。如:watches,washes,wishes,finishes

  三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study—studies,hurry—hurries,try—tries

  2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如:plays,says,stays,enjoys,buys

  四)以o结尾加es。如:does,goes

  五)特殊的有:are—is,have—has

  B)现在分词

  当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:

  一)一般在后加ing。如:spell—spelling,sing—singing,see—seeing,train—training,play—playing,hurry—hurrying,watch—watching,go—going,do—doing

  二)以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance—dancing,wake—waking,take—taking,practice—practicing,write—writing,have—having

  三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show–showing,draw—drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put—putting,run—running,get—getting,let—letting,begin—beginning

  四)以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如:tie—tying系die—dying死lie—lying位于

  4、形容词的级

  我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:

  一)一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如:greater—greatest,shorter–shortest,taller–tallest,longer–longest,nicer—nicest,larger—largest

  二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few—fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er/est。如:big—bigger biggest,red—redder reddest,hot—hotter hottest

  三)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如:happy—happier happiest,sorry—sorrier sorriest,friendly—friendlier friendliest(more friendly mostfriendly),busy—busier busiest,easy—easier easiest

  四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)

  good/well—better best many/much—more most bad/ill–worse worst

  little—lessleast old—older/elder oldest/eldest far—farther/further farthest/furthest

  5、数词(基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y结尾,变为i,eth跟上去。)first,second,third;fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth;seventh,tenth,thirteenth,hundredth;twenty—twentieth,forty—fortieth,ninety—ninetieth

  5、数词

  (一)基数词 在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。

  1.基数词的构成

  (1)1-20

  one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty

  (2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。

  23→twenty-three

  34→thirty-four

  45→forty—five

  56→fifty-six

  67→sixty-seven

  78→seventy-eight

  89→eighty-nine

  91→ninety-one

  (3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;

  586→five hundred and eighty-six

  803→eight hundred and three

  (4)1,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion(美式)或thousand ,million(英式),然后一节一节地表示。

  1,001→one thousand and one

  9,785→nine thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five

  18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three

  6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

  750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式)

  seven hundred and fifty thousand million(英式)

  (二)序数词

  在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。

  1.序数词的构成

  (1)一般在基数词后加th

  four → fourth

  thirteen → thirteenth

  (2)不规则变化

  one → first

  two →second

  three → third

  five → fifth

  eight → eighth

  nine → ninth

  twelve——twelfth

  (3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th

  twenty → twentieth

  forty → fortieth,

  ninety → ninetieth

  (4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。

  twenty-first

  two hundred and forty-fifth

  2.序数词的用法

  (1)序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。

  Tom is their second son.

  He is the first one to come here.

  (2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上“又—”,“再一”

  He tried a second time.他又试了—次。

  Shall l ask him a third time?还要我再问他—次吗?(我已问了他两次)

  (3)序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。

  1st 2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd

  (4)表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。

  2005年8月15日:

  (英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;

  (美)8,15,2005=August 15th,2005

  (三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。

  No.1(1号),No.3bus(3路公共汽车)

  Room 103,(103号旁间)

  The first lesson=Lesson Two(第二课)

  (四)分数词的表达

  分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s

  1/3-one third

  2/5-two fifths

  (五)数学运算的表达

  3+5=8 Three plus/and five is eight.

  9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven.

  6x5=30 Five times six is thirty

  8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four.

  6、介词

  一:注意点

  1.常用介词及其比较:

  ①表示地理位置的介词:

  (1)at ,in, on, to

  at

  (1)表示在小地方;

  (2)表示“在……附近,旁边”

  in

  (1)表示 在大地方;

  (2)表示“在…范围之内”。

  on 表示毗邻,接壤

  to 表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤

  He arrived at the station at ten.

  He is sitting at the desk.

  He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.

  Jiangsu lies in the east of China.

  Russia lies on the north of China.

  Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province.

  (2)above, over, on 在……上

  above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与 below相对;

  over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。

  on表示某物体上面并与之接触。

  The bird is flying above my head.

  There is a bridge over the river.

  He put his watch on the desk.

  (3)below, under 在……下面

  under表示在…正下方

  below表示在……下,不一定在正下方

  There is a cat under the table.

  Please write your name below the line.

  ②表示时间的介词:

  (1) in , on,at 在……时

  in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。

  in the 20th century

  in the 1950s

  in 1989

  in summer

  in January,

  in the morning

  in the night

  in one’s life

  in one’s thirties

  on表示具体某一天及某一天的早、中、晚。

  on May 1st

  on Monday

  on New Year’s Day

  on a cold night in January

  on a fine morning

  on Sunday afternoon

  at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。

  at 3:20

  at this time of year

  at the beginning of

  at the end of …

  at the age of …

  at Christmas

  at night

  at noon

  at this moment

  注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:

  We meet every day.

  (2)in, after 在……之后

  “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后;

  “after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后;

  “after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后。

  My mother will come back in three or four days.

  He arrived after five months.

  She will appear after five o’clock this afternoon.

  (3)from, since 自从……

  from仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;

  since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。

  He studied the piano from the age of three.

  They have lived here since 1978.

  (4)after, behind 在……之后

  after主要用于表示时间;

  behind主要用于表示位置。

  We shall leave after lunch.

  Lucy is hiding behind an old house.

  ③表运动方向的介词:

  across, through 通过,穿过

  across表示横过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关;

  through穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关。

  She swam across the river.

  He walked through the forest.

  ④表示“在……之间”的介词:

  between, among

  between指在两个人或两个事物之间;

  among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。

  ⑤表示其他意义的介词:

  (1)on ,about 关于

  on 表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的,或学术性的,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读;

  about表示内容较为普通,不那么正式。

  There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon.

  He is writing a book on cooking.

  He told me a lot about his life in the summer vocation.

  (2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具

  by 以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具;

  with 表示用 …工具、手段,一般接具体的工具和手段;

  in 表示用…方式,用…语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等;

  He makes a living by selling newspapers.

  He broke the window with a stone.

  The foreigner spoke to us in English.

  (3)except, besides 除了

  except 除……之外,不包括在内;

  besides 除……之外,包括在内。

  Except Mr.Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去)

  Besides Mr.Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)

  7、句型

  句型结构

  1.肯定句:主语+be(am, is, are)+…

  主语+can+动词原形+其他…

  主语+ 行为动词原形/行为动词单三形式+其他…

  2.否定句:

  主语+be(am, is, are)+not+…

  主语+can’t(can not) +动词原形+…

  主语+don’t(do not)+动词原形+…

  3.一般疑问句

  a.Be(Am/Is/Are)+主语+…?

  Yes,主语+be

  No,主语+be not.

  b.Can+主语+动词原形+…?

  Yes,主语+can.

  No,主语+can’t.

  c.Do/Does+主语+动词原形+…?

  Yes,主语+do/does.

  No,主语+don’t/doesn’t.

  4.特殊疑问句

  a.疑问词+be+主语+…?

  主语+be+…

  b.疑问词+can+主语+动词原形+…?

  主语+can+动词原形+…

  c.疑问词+do/does+主语+动词原形+…?

  主语+动词原形/动词三单形式 +其他…

  d.疑问词:who/how/how old/how much/where/ when/why/ what/which/ what kind of/ what time/what color/what subject

  5.There be 句型

  There be 表示的概念是“有”,是一种存在的关系,即“某地有某物”。There 是引导词,be是谓语动词(am, is , are),后面就是名词,也就是句子的主语。

  There is +可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点。

  There are +名词复数+地点。

  There be 句型的肯定式:

  There is +可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点。

  There are +名词复数+地点。

  否定式:

  There is + not +可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点。

  There are + not +名词复数+地点。

  一般疑问句形式:

  Is there +可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点+?

  Are there +名词复数+地点+?

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