初三

初三英语上册知识点

时间:2021-07-26 11:42:20 初三 我要投稿

初三英语上册知识点集锦

  初三英语上册知识点:One of...中的复数名词

初三英语上册知识点集锦

  "We are a licensed Real Estate Agency and one of the fastest growing housing agency in Singapore."

  上面这句房地产广告中的话,望文生义,清楚易解,只可惜犯了语法上的一个大忌,就是把复数名词变成单数:agencies→agency.

  单数也可以,只是后半部的句子要作调整:“……and the fastest growing housing agency in Singapore.”

  调整后的句子避免了语法错误,但是句子的意思有些改变,就是从“其中一个代理商”变成“唯一的代理商。”最好还是从根本的语法错误着手,就是把“one of……”后头的 agency 改为 agencies.这种错误改正,在学生英文作文里,是司空见惯的事,不足为奇的。例如:

  ① South Korea is one of the Asian country that used to have student mobs.(应改为countries)

  ② One of the most obvious disadvantage is that the relationship between the parents and the children is not intimate.(应改为disadvantages)

  从这样的改正中可以看到在“one of……”这样的句式中,跟着出现的名词必须是可数复数名词(plural countable nouns)如: countries, friends, shops, goats 等,而不是可数单数名词如: country, friend, shop, goat 或不可数名词(uncountable nouns ), 如:love, oil, knowledge, information 等。因此,除了上面 ①和②句子是错的之外,③和④也不对:

  ③ One of the equipments was damaged.

  ④ I have special liking for one of the new furnitures.

  ③和④的错误来自不可数名词 equipments 和 furnitures,因为这类名词是不可有复数的。

  其次,必须注意的是“one of……”这样的句式当主语时,后面的动词如果是简单现在时态(simple present tense)的话,一定要跟 one 搭配;one 既然是单数,动词当然也是单数,如:

  ⑤ One of the fastest growing housing agencies in Singapore is none other than New Century Real Estate Agency.

  ⑥ One of the effective ways of enriching English vocabulary is to use the vocabulary learnt.

  ⑦ One of the reasons for bad reading and writing seems to be that people today pay more attention to listening and seeing than reading and writing.

  这样的一致性也适用于接系动词(linking verb)的简单过去时态(simple past tense) “was”,如:

  ⑧ One of the proposals at the meeting yesterday was rejected.

  ⑨ One of the questions Tom raised at the news conference was irrelevant to the matters under discussion.

  初三英语上册知识点:名词数目错误处处

  导读:谈到不可数名词是没有复数形式的,但是常常有人不小心,在某些不可数名词上加“-s”而犯错,其中“ experience, equipment, evidence, information”这几个的错误最多。

  下面一家装修商广告中的“experiences”(经验)便是一例:

  “……our many years of reputable experiences.”

  须知,当“经验”解时,“experience”是不可数名词,不可以有“-s”:“……our many years of reputable experience(许多年声誉卓著的装修经验)”。当“各种各样不同经历”解时,“ experience”是可数名词,可以有复数“-s”的符号,如:

  “Tom could not forget his thrilling experiences in his first trip to Guilin.”

  学生作业中,类似的错误也不少,如:

  ① A lot of factors led to students' poor performances. (应为 performance)

  ② Only people of irreproachable characters can aspire to be good leaders.(应为 character)

  ③ More and more institutions resort to advanced equipments to assist in the education process.(应为 equipment)

  ④ Without such knowledges, one would not be able to understand what was seen or heard. (应为 knowledge)

  ⑤ There is still much room for further improvements.(应为 improvement)

  上述这些不可数名词的错误,是不是很熟悉呢?

  刚刚谈的错误是不可有“-s”而用“-s”。另一种错误是应该有 “-s”而不用“-s”。虽然后者不像前者这样麻烦,但是也不难看到。下面三个不同的'广告中便出现了应该有“-s”但漏了“-s”的名词:

  ⑥“We are looking for suitable candidate to take up the following positions.”(应为 candidates)。

  ⑦“Dear customer: Have you been misled by too many brochure?”(应为 brochures)。

  ⑧“We specialise in rubber tile for factory, office, warehouse, etc.”(应为 rubber tiles, factories, offices, warehouses)

  ⑥-⑧里的错误显而易见,只要稍微小心,便不难发现而改正过来。但是,有关不可数名词加“-s”的错误,则较难躲闪,必须加倍警惕才好。其中一个防患办法是借重量词,反映不可数名词之“量” ,但不改变其形,即不要用“-s”,如:

  ⑨ There isn't much petroleum in the car.

  ⑩ John gave some evidence to indicate that the documents had been tampered with.

  1. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

  2. A lot of money has been donated to various charity organisations.

  3. Some people today paid little attention to their extravagant acts.

  初三英语上册知识点:疑问词+不定式动词”结构

  导读:英语有个很有用的结构,就是:疑问词+不定式动词(question word + to-infinitive)。

  疑问词是疑问代词“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑问副词“when, where, how, why ”。此外,连接词“whether”也适用。

  “疑问词+不定式动词”结构有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五种:

  ⑴当主语,如:

  ● When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.

  ● Where to live is a problem.

  ● How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic.

  ⑵当宾语,如:

  ● We must know what to say at a meeting.

  ● He could not tell whom to trust.

  ● Do you know how to play bridge?

  ⑶当补足语,如:

  ● The problem is where to find the financial aid.

  ● The question is who to elect.

  ⑷当名词同位语,如:

  ● Tom had no idea which book to read first.

  ● Do you have a rough impression how to do it?

  ⑸当宾语补足语,如:

  ● Jim is not sure whose to choose.

  ● Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.

  适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括:“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。

  有点值得特别注意的是:当这结构当宾语时,它的作用等于名词分句,例如:

  ● I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.

  ● Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.

  有些动词,如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等,可以先有个宾语,然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词” 结构。例如:

  ● The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.

  ● Have you told him where to get the application form?

  综上所述,可见“疑问词+不定式动词”结构是个形象清新,既容易用又不容易出错的特别结构,可以多多运用。

  初三英语上册知识点:复数名词的误用

  英语名词分可数的和不可数两种。可数名词指一般动物和事物,如“Man/ friend/ driver/ student/ dog/ cat/ boat/ egg/ gun/ hand/ head/ lamp/ road/ table/ car ”等等。

  可数名词有两个数,即单数和复数。单数名词可以和不定冠词“ a/ an”或其他名词限定词(determiners)连用;复数名词可以和数目词,如“many/ a few/ some/ a lot of”等连用。

  不可数名词指物质名词(material nouns)和抽象名词( abstract nouns),如:“air/ butter/ grass/ money/ sand/ water/ carefulness/ joy/ peace”等等。不可数名词可以和数量词,如“much/ a little/ little/ a great amount of”等连用。不可数名词只有单数,没有复数“-s”的形式。

  有些人对名词数的概念不很清楚,对数目词(expressions of number)和数量词(expressions of quantity)也有些混乱,结果把数目词用在不可数名词之前或随意在不可数名词后面加上复数词尾 “-s”,这些都是语法上的错误。例如:

  ① Our workshop has ordered some new equipments from Germany.

  虽然有些人把 equipment(配备)当成可数名词,但是它是不可数的,不可有“-s”。

  ② My teacher gave me some sound advices. 应该是“advice”。

  ③ Do you have any special informations for me? “Information”才对。

  ④ Most furnitures in my house are made of wood. 应该是“furniture……is……”

  ⑤ Today, I have many new works to do. 必须是“a lot of new work”才是。

  ⑥ Don't walk on the grasses. 应该用“grass”。

  ⑦ Our foreign students have made great progresses in their studies. “Progress”(进步)不可数;不可有“-es”。

  ⑧ All his money are kept in the bank. “Money”(金钱)属不可数名词;动词要单数的“is”。

  上述这类有关不可数名词的错误,极为普遍;只要看看学生的作文,便知道了。

  既然如此,要怎样避免这种错误呢?

  首先,必须牢记不可数名词绝对没有复数形式。其次,随时准备些数量词,如“much/ little/ some/ a little/ a lot of/ plenty of”等,以便在必要时和不可数名词连用。最后,谨记:谓语动词必须和主语的数目一致。既然不可数名词没有复数形式,那么谓语动词若是简单现在时态(simple present tense),现在进行时态( present continuous tense)或现在完成时态(present perfect tense)的话,就必须以单数形式出现。例如:

  ⑨ Bread is sold in coffee shops and supermarkets.

  ⑩ His luggage is somewhere at the railway station.

  1. Some money is being used to help the poor.

  2. The information required includes personal particulars and the present salary.

  3. A lot of time has been spent on this project.

  4. Hypocrisy gives rise to mistrust.

  5. Familiarity breeds contempt.

  初三英语上册知识点:麻烦的复数名词

  导读:读者之声,英文写得很好,用字也很贴切;但是其中有个小错误,就是把复数的名词误以为单数,结果动词也不对应了。

  现在把这句话录下:

  “Another option is to prevent pneumonia in susceptible individuals by vaccination against the pneumococcal bacteria, which is a common cause of pneumonia.”

  英语的“bacteria”(细菌)是个复数名词,单数是“ bacterium”。既然如此,后头形容词分句里的动词应该是“which are”才是。

  这个错误的根源,就是复数名词“bacteria”引起的;这类麻烦的复数名词就是本文的主题。

  大家知道,英语名词有单数和复数之分。通常名词后头有“-s” 或“-es”的是复数,但是不是所有的名词都如此。许多外来词,特别是技术专有名词,是多彩多姿的,其复数形式并不加“-s”或“ -es”。下面便是些常见的例子:

  ㈠外来词及其原有的复数形式,如:

  ① agendum: agenda; ② datum: data; ③ analysis: analyses; ④ criterion: criteria; ⑤ phenomenon: phenomena; ⑥ basis: bases.

  ㈡外来词原有的复数或英语复数,如:

  ① curriculum: curricula/ curriculums; ② formula: formulae/ formulas; ③ index: indices/ indexes; ④ terminus: termini/ terminuses.

  ㈢有些名词只有复数而没有单数,如:

  ① scissors; ② spectacles; ③ trousers; ④ pants; ⑤ measles; ⑥ mumps; ⑦ annals; ⑧ assets.

  ㈣有些名词形式是复数,但是含义是单数,如:

  linguistics, economics, news, the Philippines.

  ㈤有些名词形式是单数,但常当复数用,如:

  people, police, cattle, vermin

  ㈥有少数复数名词,既可当复数用,又可当少数用,如下列句子所示:

  ① The quickest means of travel is by plane.

  ② What Tom has just done is a means to an end.

  ③ What are the important means of transport in Singapore?

  ④ There are ways and means of solving a problem.

  ㈦有些名词,单数是个意思,复数又是个意思,如:

  ① a. paper(一种原料,即纸)`

  b. papers(报纸、文件)

  ② a. work(工作)

  b.works(工厂、作品)

  ㈧有些名词,单数有两个意思,复数只有一个意思,如:

  ① a. people(人们、种族)

  b. peoples(种族)

  ② a. light(光明、电灯)

  b. lights(电灯)

  ③ a. practice(练习、风俗习惯)

  b. practices(风俗习惯)

  上述这些名词,虽然有些麻烦,但是它们数目不多,只要留意些,就不会有什么问题。

  初三英语上册知识点:几个发展迅速的词缀

  英语常用词缀类别有限,数目也不太多。但是有几个词缀发展得相当迅速,令人注目。

  下面便是三个运用愈来愈广的前缀:

  Ⅰde-

  主要意思有三:

  ㈠“除去”,如:dewax(去蜡);去泡沫);degum(去胶);deflea(除去跳蚤)。

  ㈡“非……化”,如:denuclearise(非核武器化); decontaminate(非污染化);denationalise(非国有化); derecognition(撤销承认)。

  ㈢“降低、向下”,如:de-emphasize(不强调); de-escalation(行动降级);devaluation(贬值); deindustrialisation(工业化降温)。

  Ⅱmini-

  这个前缀的意思是“小型”、“微型”,如:

  mini-rocket(小型火箭);mini-budget(小预算案); mini-report(小型报告);mini-parade(小型检阅);mini-break (小假期);mini-skirt(小裙)。

  Ⅲsuper-

  “Super-”这前缀的意思是“超级、在上”,如:

  Superman(超人);super-star(超级明星);superpower(超级强国);supermarket(超级市场);superhighway(超级公路);super-ultra(最尖端的);super-saturated(过度饱和的); superabundant(极其丰富的)。

  除了前缀之外,几个后缀也渐渐普及起来,特别是在商业广告以及政界、教育界等方面的新闻里。

  ①副词性后缀 -wise,意思是“在……方面”、“就……而论” ,如:

  budgetwise(在预算案方面);moneywise(在金钱方面); savingswise(就积存资金方面而言);educationwise(就教育而论);manpowerwise(就人力而论);theorywise(就理论来说); careerwise(就事业来说);newswise(在新闻方面); publicitywise(在宣传方面);curriculumwise(在课程方面)。

  ②名词性后缀 -ee,意思是动作承受者,常和动作施行者“-er ”相对应。例如:

  trainer:trainee;interviewer:interviewee; employer:employee;examiner:examinee.

  此外,没有对应的“-ee”派生词也渐渐出现了,如:

  retiree(退修人士);absentee(缺席者、旷课者);escapee (躲避者);refugee(避难者);devotee(崇拜者)。

  ③名词性后缀 -nik,指从事某种工作的人。例如:

  computer-nik(靠电脑工作的人);boatnik(酷爱划船的人);allright-nik(应声虫);peacenik(和平主义者);folknik(民歌手);popnik(流行乐歌手)。

【初三英语上册知识点】相关文章:

初三英语上册词汇知识点06-16

初三英语上册重点词汇知识点08-13

初三语文上册故乡知识点10-31

初三语文上册知识点整理06-18

初三英语上册试卷及答案03-30

初三英语上册动词短语09-25

政治初三上册知识点的汇总11-10

初三语文上册孤独之旅知识点10-31

初三语文上册心声知识点归纳10-31

人教版初三语文上册夜知识点11-06