关于初三英语知识点的用法
初三英语上册知识点：从后缀到派生词
㈠动词+名词性后缀→名词派生词
主要名词性后缀有：
① -er，例如：painter(画家);writer(作家)。
② -or，例如：actor(演员);sailor(水手)。
③ -ant，例如：attendant(侍者);dependant (受赡养者)。
④ -ent，例如：resident(居民);propellent(推进物)。
⑤ -ist，例如：typist(打字员);copyist(誊写员)。
⑥ -ment，例如：excitement(紧张);amazement(惊奇)。
⑦ -t，例如restraint(控制);complaint(投诉)。
⑧ -ture，例如：fixture(固定状态);mixture(混合物)。
⑨ -ion/-tion，例如：celebration(庆祝);intention(意向)。
⑩ -al，例如：renewal(更新);approval(赞许)。
㈡形容词+名词性后缀→名词派生词这类名词性后缀包括：
① -ness，例如：goodness, happiness.
② -y/ty/ity，例如：difficulty, certainty, majority.
③ -th，例如：truth, warmth.
④ -ce/cy，例如：patience, urgency.
㈢名词+形容词性后缀→形容词派生词。主要形容词性后缀有：
-ial, -n, -al, -ese, -ary, -ful, -ly, -y, -ous, -ish, -ic, -less 等。例如：industrial(工业的);Asian(亚洲的); emotional(情绪的);Chinese(华人的);disciplinary(纪律的);careful(小心的);friendly(友善的);stormy(有风浪的);dangerous(危险的);childish(幼稚的);economic(经济上的);useless(无用的)。
㈣动词+形容词性后缀→形容词派生词
这里的形容词后缀有“-ent/-ant, -able/-ible, -ive/-tive” 等。例如：dependent, observant; agreeable, sensible; attractive, attentive.
㈤名词+动词性后缀→动词派生词
常用的动词性后缀是：“-en, -ise/-ize, -fy, -ate”等。例如：frighten, threaten; apologise, standardise; classify, beautify; originate, motivate.
㈥形容词+动词性后缀→动词派生词
这里的后缀有两个，即：-ise/-ize和-en,例如：modernise, realise; brighten, weaken.
㈦形容词/名词+副词性后缀“-ly”→副词派生词
如：successfully, carefully, angrily, quickly; daily, monthly, yearly.
初三英语下册知识点：在句尾出现的介词
“I may give you financial aid. But it all depends on what the money is for .”
这句话的介词“for”在句尾出现。如果把“for”移到宾语之前，就不合句法了：
*“……But it all depends on for what the money is.”
这么看来，英语介词是可以放在句尾的。既然如此，在什么情况下，英语介词才可以放在句尾呢?
常见的情况有下面 4 种：
㈠当疑问代词或疑问副词作为介词的宾语时，理论上要在介词后面出现，但在实际用法上，它被转移到疑问句前头，介词则留在句尾。例如：
① What are you dreaming of?
② Where are you from?
①不能改为“Are you dreaming of what?”也不能是“Of what are you dreaming?”②不是“Are you from where?”，更不是“ From where are you?”
㈡介词不能移到限定性形容词分句中的关系代词(the relative pronoun in the restricted adjective clause)之前;因此，我们可以③表示心意，但不能用④这样的句子：
③ Is this the book that you asked me for?
*④ Is this the book for that you asked me?
同样的，⑤是对的，⑥是错的：
⑤ This is the goal that we are striving towards.
*⑥ This is the goal towards that we are striving.
㈢在不可分开的片语动词(the inseparable phrasal verb)里，如果介词在句尾，也只好随遇而安，不便移动。例如：
⑦ This is something which I refuse to put up with.
⑧ Such a matter should be immediately dealt with.
⑨ An 8% increase in salary is not to be sniffed at.
⑩ The rising cost is really a thing to be reckoned with.
㈣当带介词的不定式动词修饰名词而又出现在句尾时，这介词只好保留在原位。例如：
11. David is a nice person to work with.
12. I like to have someone to talk to.
13. This is not a comfortable place to live in.
14. Give me a good pen to write with.
15. Is this a box to put coins in?
16. There is some useful information for you to refer to.
综上所述，英语介词不但可以在句尾出现，有时还非在句尾不可!
除了所举的'情况之外，尽量避免把介词放在句尾。例如17-19虽没有什么问题，但不如20-22好和自然：
17. Can you tell me whom do you share your office with?
18. This is the last way which the idea can be pushed through.
19. What reason have you chosen this scheme for?
20. Can you tell me with whom do you share your office?
21. This is the best way through which the idea can be pushed.
22. For what reason have you chosen this scheme?
初三英语下册知识点：被动语态的动词
主动语态比被动语态直接而有力，多用主动语态，可以使文章充满朝气，呈现活力。在下列两组句子中， (b)比(a)有力：
(1) a.My first visit to New Zealand will always be remembered by me.
b. I will always remember my first visit to New Zealand.
(2) a.The crowing of cocks could be heard at dawn.
b. The cocks' crow came with dawn.
虽然如此，在某些情况下，非用被动语态不可。前此已提过这事，这里不再重述。这里只有指出其中一点，就是有些动词，如 "base, schedule, expect, suppose" 等，通常以被动语态形式出现。
例如：
(1)This survey was based on facts.
(2)The last train is scheduled to leave at 9pm.
(3)You are expected to come on time.
(4)All are supposed to work hard.
除了上述这些动词之外，还有十种，几乎都以被动式出现。
(一)有关“疾病”的动词，如：
(1)Helen's left lung is infected.
(2)He is confined to the house by illness.
(3)The old man was seized with sudden chest pains.
(二)有关“疲乏”的动词，如：
(4) I am completely exhausted after the game.
(5)Tom was done up after the race.
(三)有关“喜乐”的动词，如：
(6)The children were fascinated by the toys.
(7)We were delighted to hear the good news.
(8) I am very pleased to see you here.
(四)有关“延迟”或“障碍”的动词，如：
(9)The workers were held up by the heavy rain.
(10)The road was blocked by ice.
(11)The train was delayed by 30 minutes.
(五)有关“惯性动作”的动词，如：
(12)Tom is addicted to smoking.
(13)Foreign workers are quite used to hard work.
(六)有关“烦恼”或“焦急”的动词，如：
(14)Who was upset by John?
(15)Mother was annoyed to know this.
(七)有关“惊奇”或“震惊”的动词，如：
(16) I was surprised to see him here.
(17)All were shocked to hear the bad news.
(八)有关“包围”的动词，如：
(18)The troops were surrounded.
(19)Troy was besieged.
(九)有关“沾污”或“污化”的动词，如：
(20)Judy's reputation is tarnished.
(21)The water was contaminated with oil.
(十)有关“害怕”或“混乱”的动词，如：
(22)All were frightened out of their wits.
(23)He was puzzled about what to do next.
要注意的一点是，上面这十类动词有些已渐渐失去了动词力量，转化为惯用语。
初三英语下册知识点：连接词及其用法
例如：(1) Air and water are indispensable to me.
(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.
(3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.
从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复杂句中的从属分句。例如：
(4) He said that he did not want to go .
(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.
(6) You may come if you want to.
上述连词的用法，看起来不难，但错误也难免。下面是些好例子：
(1) This book may be used both as a text as well as a reference book.
这里的“as well as”和“both”不能搭配，应该将“as well ”改为“and”，使“both……and……”变成关联连词( correlative conjunction)
(2) He not only speaks Mandarin but also English.
这里的“not only”应该移到“speaks”后面，使这个动词兼顾两个等立宾语：“Mandarin”和“English”。
(3) Although he is fat, but he is very weak.
英语里的“although”和“but”是不见面的 ，因此这句里的“ but”要去掉，不然“although”就要出来。
(4) Jim is not so strong like you.
这里的“not so”必须和“as”连成一体;介词“like”是不适宜的。
(5) No sooner had we reached our destination, they left.
"No sooner"必须和"than" 配成关联连词，把"than" 省掉是不对的，应该补上：
No sooner had we reached our destination than they left.
这句子的意思也可透过“as soon as”反映出来：
“As soon as we reached our destination, they left.”
(6) I took a taxi and which took me to the station.
这里的并列连词“and”是多余的，必须去掉。如果要保留“and ”也可，但是形容词分句里的关系代词“Which”要改成主语“it” ，使整个句子变成并列分句如下：
I took a taxi and it took me to the station.
(7) My friend came up to me and held my hand, said good-bye excitedly.
这里的“and”应该用来连接最后两个谓语才对：
My friend came up to me, held my hand, and said good-bye excitedly.
不然，就要把“said”改成“saying”。
My friend came up to me and held my hand, saying good-bye excitedly.
初三英语下册知识点：义同形异”的常用词
1.Over / above "Over"和"above"这两个介词的意思是在…….上面。“我们可以说(1)The sky is above our heads,也可以说(2)The sky is over our heads.我们也可以说(3)He Spread his handkerchief over his face.但不能说*(4)He spread his handkerchief above his face. 同样的，可以说(5)John has travelled all over the world以及 (6)The King reigns over a great empire，但是(5)和(6)里的 "over"却不可以"above"取代。
2.bring / take "Bring"和"take"的意思相同，但用法并不一样。 "Bring"指东西向说话的人的方向去，如： (7) Bring me the book, please. "Take"指东西向说话的人离去，如： (8)Take the dictionary away from me . 由此可见，"bring"和"take"都表示东西要移动，只是方向不同："bring"向说话者而来;"take"向说话者而去。
3.Certain / sure "Certain"和"sure"都含“确定”之意，只是在句中的用法有些不同。下列第九到十一的句子都对，但第十二的句子就不行了： (9) We are certain to come to the party. / Tom is sure to come today. (10) I am not certain whether I will be able to do it. / Are you sure that you will do it? (11) It is certain that Jason will leave me. *(12) It is sure that Jason will leave me.
4. rob / Steal 虽然这两个字都是及物动词，但用法不同，不可互相取代。 "Steal"的宾语通常是被偷的东西，如“钱，手表”之类。"Rob" 的宾语必须是“人”或“地方”。如： (13) A thief entered her house and stole her valuables. (14) A stranger robbed a passer-by. (15) Who robbed the bank last night? 5.chase / follow 这两个动词，一个是“追逐”，另一个是“跟随”，都是人家在前，他在后，但用起来不一样;"chase"不但是动词，也是名词，如： (16)The cat chased the mouse and caught it soon after. (17)The puplis followed the teacher to the classroom. (18)There was a thrilling car chase in the film. (19) Social unrest follows widespread unemployment. (20) I could not follow what he was saying.
初三英语下册知识点：容易混淆的常用词
两句中各有一个错误，即：“It's”和“Beside”;应该是“ Its”和“Besides”才对。“It's”是“it is”的缩写，“Its”才是所有代名词“它的”。“Beside”是“在旁边”，而“Besides” 才是“除此之外”。
像这样“形似义异”的字，在英语里相当多，稍微粗心，便会混淆不清。
下面是些类似的混淆词，请大家注意：
⒈altogether(完全地)：all together(全部)
(a) Dr Zhang was not altogether pleased with his salary.
(b) Please go all together.
⒉complement(辅助)：compliment(恭维)
(a) Different transport means complement one another very well.
(b) Sam complimented Helen on her assistance.
⒊uninterested(不感兴趣的)： disinterested(大公无私的)
(a) All were uninterested in the project.
(b) A good judge should be disinterested.
⒋formally(正式地)：formerly(以前)
(a) The guest was formally introduced to the host.
(b) Tom was formerly our class monitor.
⒌healthful(有利健康的)：healthy(身体健康)
(a) Villagers enjoy the healthful mountain air.
(b) Healthy people live happily.
⒍impractical(不切实际的)：impracticable(不易实行的)
(a) Such a plan is idealistic; it is impractical.
(b) No one will support an idea if it is impracticable.
⒎tasty(好吃的)：tasteful(有鉴赏力的)
(a) Many westerners like tasty Chinese Food.
(b) Helen made a tasteful arrangement of the furniture in the lobby.
⒏statue(雕像)：stature(身高)：statute(法令)
(a) There is a gigantic statue of Raffles in the park.
(b)Most basketball players are men of tall stature.
(c) It is necessary to remove an outdated statute or replace it with an up-to-date one.
⒐appreciable(明显的;可感觉到的)：appreciative(欣赏的;感激的)
(a) There has been an appreciable increase in food prices./ There is an appreciable difference in the attitude of two new clerks.
(b) David was very appreciative of his colleagues' cooperation in the project.
⒑burned：burnt(焚烧)
(a) The love of freedom burned in our hearts./ The candles have burned brightly since last night.(不及物动词)
(b) The boy burnt his thumb./ Betty has burnt all the letters from her former boy friend.(及物动词)
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