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初三英语垂悬结构知识点总结
所谓垂悬结构(The Dangling Construction)就是一个句子成分,如分词短语,不定式动词短语等,找不到被修饰的主语或被修饰的对象不合逻辑。垂悬结构是种错误的句法,应该避免。
下面是三种常见的垂悬结构及其改正方法:
⒈垂悬分词或分词短语,如:
① Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.
这句子里的现在分词短语(present participial phrase)修饰主语“several boars”是错的;改正方法有二:
(a)确定是逻辑主语,使句子变成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”
(b)把现在分词短语扩大为副词分句(也称状语从句):“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”
⒉垂悬副词短语,如:
② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
这句的副词短语(adverb phrase)和主语“the fish”有什么逻辑关系呢?真正的逻辑主语应该是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才对。改正方法和例①同:
(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.
(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
⒊垂悬不定式动词短语,如:
③ To write well, a lot of practice is needed.
④ To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.
这两个句子的不定式动词短语(infinitive phrases)并不能修饰“practice”和“a sense of belonging”,真正的主语必须是“ 人”,如:
(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.
(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.
上述三类垂悬结构中,第一类发生的频率最高,必须注意。但是在下列三种情况下,分词短语是对的,它们并非垂悬结构:
第一,独立结构(The Absolute Construction,见3月7日《中英合谈》)中的分词短语有自己的主语,所以不是垂悬结构。例如:
① Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.
第二,当分词含有介词或连词性质时,它不需要逻辑主语,所以没有垂悬问题存在。例如:
② Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.
③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.
第三,当分词短语是用来表示说话者的态度或意见时,也不需要逻辑主语,因此也不存在着垂悬问题。例如:
④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.
⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.
一、悬垂结构的基本定义和形式
1. 悬垂结构的定义:悬垂结构,又称悬挂修饰,指的是在句子中修饰语(通常是介词短语、分词短语或不定式短语)没有明确的修饰对象,因而“悬垂”在那里,等待被连接。正确的使用应确保每个修饰语都有明确的、合适的修饰对象。
2. 常见的悬垂形式
(1)介词短语的悬垂:例如“At the age of ten, the bike was finally mine.” 错误地将“At the age of ten”修饰了“the bike”,而实际上应该是修饰“I”。
(2)分词短语的悬垂:“Sitting at the cafe, a beautiful sunset caught my eyes.” 这里“Sitting at the cafe”错误地修饰了“a beautiful sunset”。
(3)不定式短语的悬垂:“To complete the project, the team worked overtime.” 此处“To complete the project”应修饰“the team”,而不是其他任何词。
二、悬垂结构的识别方法
1. 确定修饰关系:检查句子中的修饰语是否有明确的修饰对象,且这个对象是否是该修饰语逻辑上能修饰的。
2. 核心主语检查:如果去掉修饰语,剩下的句子应该能够独立成句,且意思完整。
3. 逻辑一致性检验:修饰语与其所修饰的对象在逻辑上应保持一致,即修饰语能够合理地描述或限定其修饰的对象。
三、纠正悬垂结构的实用策略
1. 明确修饰目标:重新构造句子,确保每个修饰语都紧靠其修饰的对象。例如,将“At the age of ten, the bike was finally mine.” 修改为“When I was at the age of ten, the bike was finally mine.”
2. 使用连接词:如果修饰语与主句的主语不一致时,可以使用连接词将其分开,如添加“and”或“but”等来构建完整的句子。
3. 重新排列句式:调整句子结构,使悬垂的修饰语有正确的修饰对象。例如,可以将“Sitting at the cafe, a beautiful sunset caught my eyes.” 改为“A beautiful sunset caught my eyes when I was sitting at the cafe.”
总之,通过上述分析,我们不仅了解了悬垂结构的定义和形式,还掌握了如何识别和纠正悬垂结构,这对于提升英语写作的准确性和表达的清晰度至关重要。希望这些总结能够帮助到正在学习英语的你,避免在写作中出现悬垂结构的错误,使你的英语更加地道和专业。
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