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英文诗歌赏析方法

时间:2023-06-20 18:14:46 赛赛 赏析 我要投稿
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英文诗歌赏析方法

  在平平淡淡的学习、工作、生活中,大家或多或少都接触过一些经典的诗歌吧,诗歌是用高度凝练的语言,生动形象地表达作者丰富情感,集中反映社会生活并具有一定节奏和韵律的文学体裁。你所见过的诗歌是什么样的呢?以下是小编精心整理的英文诗歌赏析方法,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

英文诗歌赏析方法

  英文诗歌赏析方法

  诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。

  一、 诗的格律

  “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用“-”或“?”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“?”标示,音步之间可用“/”隔开。以下是五种常见格式:

  1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。

  As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,

  So deep / in luve / am I :

  And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry:

  Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose

  注;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go

  上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:?-/?-/?-/(?-)

  2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。 下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-?/-?/-?/- Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright

  In the / forests / of the / night

  William Blake: The Tyger

  3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音步抑抑扬格??-/??-/??-

  Like a child / from the womb,

  Like a ghost / from the tomb,

  I arise / and unbuild / it again.

  4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格-??/-??

  ?Touch her not / ?scornfully,

  ?Think of her / ?mournfully.

  - Thomas Hood

  5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格?-?/?-?/?-?下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。

  O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight.

  在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。

  二、 诗的押韵

  押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。

  1. 尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。

  1) 联韵:aabb型。

  I shot an arrow into the air,

  It fell to earth, I knew not where;

  For, so swiftly it flew, the sight

  Could not follow it in its flight.

  Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song

  2) 交叉韵:abab型。

  Sunset and evening star,

  And one clear call for me!

  And may there be no moaning of the bar,

  When I put out to sea,

  Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar

  3) 同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。

  如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。

  The woods are lovely, dark and deep,

  But I have promises to keep,

  And miles to go before I sl-ee-p,

  And miles to go before I sl-ee-p.

  Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

  2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。

  The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

  The furrow followed free,

  We were the first that ever burst

  Into that silent sea.

  T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner

  3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。

  下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。

  Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king;

  Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

  Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:

  Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!

  Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring

  三、 诗的体式

  有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有:

  1. 十四行诗(Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。

  后来,怀亚特(ThomasWyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞(EdmundSpenser,1552-1599)用韵

  脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee.莎士比亚(WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。举例见本文第四部分。

  2. 打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。

  1) There was a young lady of Nigger

  Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;

  They returned from the ride

  With the lady inside,

  And the smile on the face of the tiger.

  2) A tutor who taught on the flute

  Tried to teach two tooters to toot,

  “Is it harder to toot, or

  Said the two to the tutor,

  To tutor two tooters to toot?“

  3. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。

  Across the watery bale , and shout again,

  Responsive to his call, - with quivering peals,

  And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.

  Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild

  Of jocund din!…

  William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy

  4. 自由诗(FreeVerse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人WaltWhitman的(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。

  四、 诗的评判

  对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。

  二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。

  1. That Time of Year

  That time of year thou mayst in me behold

  When yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hang

  Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,

  Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,

  In me thou seest the twilight of such day

  As after sunset fadeth in the west,

  When by and by black night doth take away,

  Deaths second self, that seals up all in rest.

  In me thou seest the glowing of such fire,

  That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.

  As the deathbed whereon it must expire,

  Consumed with that which it was nourished by.

  This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,

  To love that well which thou must leave ere long.

  Notes:mayst:may behold:see late:no long ago thou:you seest:see

  fadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬

  thy:your perceivest: perceive ere long: before long

  此诗是莎士比亚(William Shakespeare, 1564-1616)的一首十四行诗。作为英国文学巨匠,他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。

  此诗为五音步抑扬格,每个诗行格律为:?-/?-/?-/?-/?-/。

  全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。前十二行:通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零,曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛,联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方,被黑夜吞没;自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息,被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中choirs(歌坛),deathbed(灵床)使用暗喻手法,同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后两行:点题,人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。

  2. The Daffodils

  I wandered lonely as a cloud

  That floats on high oer vales and hills,

  When all at once I saw a crowd,

  A host of golden daffodils;

  Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

  Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

  Continuous as the stars that shine

  And twinkle on the Milky Way,

  They stretched in never-ending line

  Along the margin of a bay:

  Ten thousand saw I at a glance,

  Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

  The waves beside them danced; but they

  Outdid the sparkling waves in glee:

  A poet could not but be gay,

  In such a jocund company:

  I gazed - and gazed - but little thought

  What wealth the show to me had brought:

  For oft, when on my couch I lie

  In vacant or in pensive mood,

  They flash upon that inward eye

  Which is the bliss of solitude;

  Ans then my heart with pleasure fills,

  And dances with the daffodils.

  Notes: a crowd, a host of: many sprightly:happy glee:joy

  jocund:happy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful

  华兹华斯(WilliamWordsworth,1770-1850),十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”(浪漫主义)之一。此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象,同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。黄水仙据说是威尔士国花(1282年,威尔士归顺英格兰,被封公国),在英国广泛栽种,春季开花,花期不长。有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌,这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。

  全诗语言精炼,通俗易懂,四音步抑扬格,分四节(stanza),每节6行,每节押韵均为ababcc.第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步,偶遇水仙;第二节写水仙争相开放,千姿百态;第三节,诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常;第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时,回想当时情景,又让他心中充满了欢乐,随着水仙跳起舞来。

  3. Song of Myself

  I celebrate myself, and sing myself,

  And what I assume you shall assume,

  For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.

  I loafe and invite my soul,

  I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.

  My tongue, every atom of my blood, formd from this soil, this air,

  Born ere of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,

  Hoping to cease not till death.

  Creeds and schools in abeyance,

  Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten.

  I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard.

  Nature without check with original energy.

  Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:学说,流派 hazard:chance

  abeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time

  英文诗歌赏析方法

  中国古诗有节奏。其节奏主要是通过汉字特有的声调表现出来的。传统汉语中的声调有四:平、上、去、入。平声称“平声”,上、去、入三声统称仄声。平声与仄声结合起来反复出现,就是中国诗歌的节奏。如一首五言绝句,其最常见的节奏是:

  仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。

  王之涣《等鹳雀楼》:白日依山尽,黄河入海流。欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。此诗即是这样的节奏。其中“欲”字是仄声,与格式不合。但根据格律要求,诗行中的第一字可平可仄。

  英文诗歌也有节奏。英文没有平声、仄声之分,但有重读轻读音节之分,其节奏是通过重读音节与轻读音节表现出来的。一个重读音节与一个或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来,有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。

  我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词,都有重读音节与轻读音节之分,在一句话中,根据语法、语调、语意的要求,有些词也要重读,有些要轻读。如he went to town to buy a book.. I’m glad to hear the news. 英文中有重读和轻读之分,重读的音节和轻读的音节,按一定模式配合起来,反复再现,组成诗句,听起来起伏跌宕,抑扬顿挫,就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音,次重音根据节奏既可视为重读,也可视为轻读。

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