戴炜栋语言学名词解释

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戴炜栋语言学名词解释

1、能指：语言符号的物质实体，能够指称某种意义的成分。

2、结构主义语言学：由索绪尔创立的语言学，它主要研究语言系统本身的内在规律。我国语言学界常说的“结构语义语言学”“结构主义语法”等名词往往指美国结构主义描写语言学，它只是当代接结构主义语言学的一个流派，并不等于受索绪尔影响的整个结构主义语言学。

3、音位变体：音位是从社会功能角度划分出来的特定语言或方言中具有区别意义作用的最小语音单位，同属于一个音位的不同因素叫做“音位变体”，音位变体又可分为条件变体和自由变体。例如汉语普通话/a/的音位变体【a】等。

4、元辅音分析法：就是一元辅音为基本分析单位的一种音节结构分析法，将音节结构分为V、C-V、V-C、C-V-C四种不同的结构类型。

5、定位语素：指在最小的合称结构（词结构或词组结构）中的位置总是固定的，或者总前置，或者总后置的语素。例如现代汉语的“第”总是前置，“者”总是后置，它们都是定位语素。

6、变性成词：指语素转变词性而成为另一类词。即某些成语素在语法功能上本来只是单一性的，但在形成词的时候，却同时形成了两种词性的词。

7、外围语法：又叫大语法，主要研究与语法有关的词语知识、语义知识和语音知识。

8、向心词组：指整个词组的功能相当于词组的中心语功能的词组，包括偏正结构的词组、动宾词组、动补词组和联合词组。

9、语义场：在词义上具有类属关系的词语集合在一起所形成的一个聚合体。

10、变元：变元又称“题元”“项”等，是与谓词有直接语义关系并受谓词支配的语义成分。变元一般都是名词性的词语，在句子中经常充当主语或宾语。如“他给我一支笔”中“我”和“一支笔”就是谓词“给”的变元；“小李走了”中“小李”就是谓词“走”的变元。

11、理性意义：也叫逻辑意义或称意义，是对主客观世界的认识。在词语平面上，它是与概念相联系的那部分意义；在句子平面上，它是与判断和推理相联系的那部分意义。

12、自源文字：不依傍其他文字而独立创在出来的文字。汉子、古埃及文字、苏美尔文字、玛雅文字都属于自源文字。

13、音位文字：全部字符都只是跟语言单位中的音位相联系的文字的音位文字。音位文字可分为“辅音音位文字”和“全音位文字”。全音位文字常常也简称音位文字。例如，古腓尼基文字就是只表示辅音音位的辅音音位文字；古希腊文字既有表示辅音的字符，又表示元音的字符，是全音位文字。

14、语系：是根据语言间有无历史同源关系（亲属关系）划分出来的语言类别，是语言谱系分类中最大的类。凡是有历史同源关系的语言都属于同一个语系。例如，汉语与藏语、状语、苗语、瑶语有历史同源关系，都属于汉藏语系；英语与德语、法语有历史同源关系，都属于印欧语系。

15、语音对应关系：是指方言之间或亲属语言之间所具有的、有规律而非个别的语音之间相互对应的关系。

16、语言遗传机制：又称“语言获得机制”，是美国语言学家乔姆斯基最早提出的，指人出生时大脑的构造就已经决定的、通过生物进化和遗传获得的知识。这种知识主要指语类、层次等最基本的句法原则。如人们说话都需使用句子，句子的基本构造形式“名词短语+动词短语”，就属于这类知识。

17、大脑单侧化：人的大脑左右两个半球并不完全对称，大小有区别，有明确分工，左半球的一定部位掌握语言和抽象思维活动，右半球的一定部位掌握与语言无关的直观动作的思维活动。

18、应用语言学：是研究语言学应用问题的语言学分支学科。有广义和狭义之分。广义的应用语言学包括面向人的和面向机器的语言学应用研究，如语言信息处理研究。狭义的应用语言学仅指语言教学研究。

19、语言迁移现象：在外语学习过程中，作为来源语的母语会最为目标语的外语产生影响，这就是语言迁移现象，其中积极的影响叫“正迁移”，消极的影响叫“负迁移”。例如学英语是受汉语影响而不注意动词的变化。

10、中介语：中介语是外语学习者在外语学习过程中建立的一种既不同于母语又不同于所学外语系统。中介语是不断的从母语向外语靠近的语言方式，在学习初期发展较快，越到后期发展越慢。中介语是只属于个人的语言系统。

语言学名词解释2017-04-09 06:53 | #2楼

Chapter 6: Pragmatics The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication. The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers. (05) features. particular context. (03). believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking. (05) (06F) Performatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable. The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology. The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something. (06F) change brought about by the utterance.

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1. historical linguistics: A subfield of linguistics that study language change.

2. coinage: A new word can be coined to fit some purpose. (03) 3. blending: A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words. 5. borrowing: When different culture come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words. 6. back formation: New words may be coined from already existing words by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called back-formation. 7. functional shift: Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes. 8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.

Chapter 8: Language And Society variety as well as similar linguistic norms. (05) speakers. A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. (04)

participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. communication is carried out. on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language. relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen. speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis. in this daily life. role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C) a speech community, each having a definite role to play.

Chapter 9: Language And Culture The total way of life of a person, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of human community. A belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language-----又叫Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (06C)

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The image of a word invoked to people.

Chapter 10: Language Acquisition It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language. (03) A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and si-mp-ler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.(05) Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.

Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language. A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.

which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country. A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions. in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language. levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc. language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association. The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable. This internal interference is called cross-association. second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language. mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.

Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware

of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning. the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc. motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive. the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc. (06C) the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05) the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes. (06F) pleasure from learning. learning strategies are learners’ conscious goal-oriented and

problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F) the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s learning. the strategies dealing with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native.

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