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万圣节南瓜灯由来英文
one story about jack， an irishman， who was not allowed into heaven because he was stingy with his money. so he was sent to hell. but down there he played tricks on the devil （satan）， so he was kicked out of hell and made to walk the earth forever carrying a lantern.
well， irish children made jack's lanterns on october 31st from a large potato or turnip， hollowed out with the sides having holes and lit by little candles inside. and irish children would carry them as they went from house to house begging for food for the village halloween festival that honored the druid god muck olla. the irish name for these lanterns was "jack with the lantern" or "jack of the lantern，" abbreviated as " jack-o'-lantern" and now spelled "jack-o-lantern." the traditional halloween you can read about in most books was just children's fun night. halloween celebrations would start in october in every elementary school.
关于万圣节有这样一个故事。是说有一个叫杰克的爱尔兰人，因为他对钱特别的吝啬，就不允许他进入天堂，而被打入地狱。但是在那里他老是捉弄魔鬼撒旦，所以被踢出地狱，罚他提着灯笼永远在人世里行走。 在-十-月三十一日爱尔兰的孩子们用土豆和萝卜制作“杰克的灯笼”，他们把中间挖掉、表面上打洞并在里边点上蜡烛。为村里庆祝督伊德神的万圣节，孩子们提着这种灯笼挨家挨户乞讨食物。这种灯笼的爱尔兰名字是“拿灯笼的杰克”或者“杰克的灯笼”，缩写为jack-o'-lantern 。
现在你在大多数书里读到的万圣节只是孩子们开心的夜晚。在小学校里，万圣节是每年十月份开始庆祝的。孩子们会制作万圣节的装饰品：各种各样桔红色的南瓜灯。
趣味：万圣节南瓜灯的由来
halloween一词的产生：
很多民族都在万圣节前夜有庆典聚会，这又被叫做“all hallow e'en”、“the eve of all hallows”、“hallow e'en”，或者“the eve of all saintas'day”。最终约定俗成演变成了“halloween”，中文意译成了万圣节之夜。
“trick or treat”的传说：
孩子们今天着装挨家要糖的习俗，据说起源于爱尔兰。古西欧时候的爱尔兰异教徒们，相信在万圣节前夜鬼魂会群集于居家附近，并接受设宴款待。因而，在“宴会”结束后，村民们就自己扮成鬼魂精灵，游走村外，引导鬼魂离开，避邪免灾。于此同时，村民们也都注意在屋前院后的摆布些水果及其他食品，喂足鬼魂而不至于让它们伤害人类和动物或者掠夺其他收成。后来这习俗一直延续下来，就成了孩子们取笑不慷慨之家的玩笑。
南瓜灯的由来
至于南瓜灯也至少有两种说法。一种说是人挖空了南瓜又刻上鬼脸点上烛火用以驱散鬼魂的；另一种说是鬼魂点上的烛火，试图骗取人们上当而跟着鬼魂走，所以人们就在南瓜表面刻上一个嘲讽的脸面，用以调笑鬼魂：哼！傻瓜才会上你的当。传说因为首用南瓜的是一位爱尔兰人jack，所以人们又将鬼脸南瓜灯叫做jack-o-lantern。
万圣节南瓜灯的由来英文版
halloween, or hallowe’en, is a holiday celebrated on the night of october 31. halloween activities include trick-or-treating, ghost tours, bonfires, costume parties, visiting "haunted houses", carving jack-o'-lanterns, reading scary stories and watching horror movies. irish immigrants carried versions of the tradition to north america in the nineteenth century. other western countries embraced the holiday in the late twentieth century. halloween is celebrated in several countries of the western world, most commonly in the united kingdom, the united states, canada, ireland, puerto rico, japan, new zealand, and occasionally in parts of australia. in sweden the all saints' official holiday takes place on the first saturday of november.
halloween has its origins in the ancient celtic festival known as samhain. the festival of samhain is a celebration of the end of the harvest season in gaelic culture, and is sometimes regarded as the "celtic new year". traditionally, the festival was a time used by the ancient pagans to take stock of supplies and slaughter livestock for winter stores. the ancient gaels believed that on october 31, now known as halloween, the boundary between the alive and the deceased dissolved, and the dead become dangerous for the living by causing problems such as sickness or damaged crops. the festivals would frequently involve bonfires, into which bones of slaughtered livestock were thrown. costumes and masks were also worn at the festivals in an attempt to mimic the evil spirits or placate them.
万圣节,是国际性节日庆祝10月31日。万圣节的活动包括糖果、鬼怪旅游,篝火,化装舞会,参观闹鬼的景点,雕刻火焰般双眼的-lanterns,阅读和看恐怖片的可怕的故事。爱尔兰移民带版本的传统到北美在十九世纪。其它西方国家接受了二十世纪后期的节日。万圣节是西方世界的几个国家,最常见的是在美国、加拿大、爱尔兰、波多黎各、日本、新西兰、英国,偶尔在澳大利亚的部分。在瑞典度假的所有圣徒的官员在11月的第一个星期六。
万圣节源自凯尔特人的萨温节。在古凯尔特人的信仰里，新的一年于11月1日开始，或称萨温节(samhain)。正如比较短的白天象征新一年的开始，日落亦象征新一天的开始;所以每年收割的节日于10月31日晚上开始。不列颠群岛的德鲁伊教徒会燃点农作物作为祭品，而当他们围着火堆跳舞时，太阳季节便会完结而萨温 节随即开始。凯尔特人相信死亡之神samhain在10月31日的晚上会和鬼魂一起重返人间，寻找替身。因此他们点燃火炬，焚烧动物以作为死亡之神的献礼。还会用动物的头或皮毛做成的服饰打扮自己，发出古怪的声音，使死亡之神认不出自己，避过灾难。这就是今天万圣节化妆舞会的由来。
halloween (halloween) (also known as halloween, halloween) in the 31 october each year, is the traditional festival of english-speaking world, mainly popular in north america, british isles, australia, canada and new zealand. many public places and even the home yard, will the layout of a lot of decoration, such as various types of ghosts yeah, pumpkin lights yeah, there are black cats and witches broom and the like;children will wear halloween costumes every year is different, carrying a lantern to provide door to door to discuss sugar basket, saying it was "trick or treat "。
halloween in the october 31 the night before, in fact, is to praise the fall festival, just like may day holiday in the spring as a compliment. ancient gaul, britain and ireland, the priest - druid autumn a grand festival of praise,from midnight after halloween until the next day, november 1 continued all day. in their view, their great god of death that night - salman who will die that year summoned the ghost of all, these evil spirits are subject to care for the livestock health and punishment. of course, as long as the thought of such a gathering of ghosts, was enough to make si-mp-le-minded fools who fight heart understanding of the gallbladder.so they lit the sky of fire, and close surveillance of these evil spirits. today, throughout europe, people have halloween as enjoy slapstick, ghost story and a good opportunity to scare each other. so people are no longer just used to praise this autumn festival, but it turned into a real "carnival." the facial makeup is the halloween tradition of one of the programs.
万圣夜(halloween)(又叫鬼节，万圣节前夜)在每年的10月31日，是英语世界的传统节日，主要流行于北美、不列颠群岛、澳大利亚、加拿大和新西兰。许多公共场所乃至居家院落，都会布置上很多装璜，诸如各式鬼怪 呀、南瓜灯呀、还有黑猫以及巫婆的扫帚之类;孩子们会穿上每年不一 样的万圣节服装，拎着南瓜灯的提篓去挨家挨户地讨糖，说是“不给糖就捣蛋(trick or treak)”
万圣夜在10月31日的前一夜，其实是赞美秋天的节日，就好像五朔节是赞美春天的节日一样。古代高卢、不列颠和爱尔兰的祭司--德鲁伊德有一个赞美秋天的盛大节日，从万圣夜后午夜开始，直至次日11月1日持续整整一天。他们认为，在那天晚上他们伟大的死神--萨曼会把那年死去人的鬼魂统统召来，这些恶鬼要受到托生为畜类的惩罚。当然，只要想到这种鬼魅的聚会，就足以令当时那些头脑简单的愚民胆战心谅的了。于是他们点起冲天的篝火，并严密监视这些恶鬼。如今在整个欧洲，人们都把万圣夜看作尽情玩闹、讲鬼故事和互相吓唬的好机会。于是人们不再把这节日仅仅用来赞美秋光，而是让它变成一场真正的“狂欢”。而脸谱化妆是万圣节传统节目之一。
halloween
halloween is an autumn holiday that americans celebrate every year. it means "holy evening," and it comes every october 31, the evening before all saints' day. however, it is not really a church holiday, it is a holiday for children mainly.
every autumn, when the vegetables are ready to eat, children pick large orange pumpkins. then they cut faces in the pumpkins and put a burning candle inside. it looks as if there were a person looking out of the pumpkin! these lights are called jack-o'-lanterns, which means "jack of the lantern".
the children also put on strange masks and frightening costumes every halloween. some children paint their faces to look like monsters. then they carry boxes or bags from house to house. every time they come to a new house, they say,"trick or treat! money or eat!" the grown-ups put treat-money or candy in their bags.
not only children, but most grown-ups also love halloween and halloween parties because on this day,they can disguise themselves as personages or ghost as their imaginations will lead them. this bring them the satisfaction of being young.
万圣节前夕
万圣节前夕是美国人年年都会庆祝的秋季节日。它的意思是“神圣的夜晚”，在每年的10月31日，也就是万圣节前夜。但实际上这不是一个真正的宗教节日，而主要是孩子们的节日。
每年秋天蔬菜成熟可以食用的时候，孩子们就会挑出大个儿的橙色南瓜。然后在南瓜上刻上一张脸，把一根点燃的蜡烛放在里面。看起来就好像有人在向南瓜外面张望。这些灯就叫做“iack-o'-lantems”，意思也就是“杰克的灯”。
每年万圣节前夕孩子们还戴上奇怪的面具，穿上吓人的服装。有些孩子把脸刷成怪物。然后他们拿着盒子或袋子挨家挨户串门。每来到一个新房子他们就说：“不款待就捣乱!给钱还是吃的!”大人们就会把用来招待的钱或糖放在他们的袋子里了。
不仅孩子，许多成年人也喜欢万圣节前夕和万圣节前夕晚会。因为这一天他们可以根据自己的想象把自己装扮成名流或幽灵。这会带给他们年轻的快感。
关于万圣节的故事
halloween one story about jack, an irishman, who was not allowed into heaven because he was stingy with his money. so he was sent to hell. but down there he played tricks on the devil (satan), so he was kicked out of hell and made to walk the earth forever carrying a lantern. well, irish children made jack's lanterns on october 31st from a large potato or turnip, hollowed out with the sides having holes and lit by little candles inside. and irish children would carry them as they went from house to house begging for food for the village halloween festival that honored the druid god muck olla. the irish name for these lanterns was "jack with the lantern" or "jack of the lantern," abbreviated as " jack-o'-lantern" and now spelled "jack-o-lantern." the traditional halloween you can read about in most books was just children's fun night. halloween celebrations would start in october in every elementary school. children would make halloween decorations, all kinds of orange-pa-pe-r jack-o-lanterns. and from black pa-pe-r you'd cut "scary" designs ---an evil witch with a pointed hat riding through the sky on a broomstick, maybe with black bats flying across the moon, and that meant bad luck. and of course black cats for more bad luck. sometimes a black cat would ride away into the sky on the back of the witch's broom. and on halloween night we'd dress up in mom or dad's old shoes and clothes, put on a mask, and be ready to go outside. the little kids (children younger than we were) had to go with their mothers, but we older ones went together to neighbors' houses, ringing their doorbell and yelling, "trick or treat!" meaning, "give us a treat (something to eat) or we'll play a trick on you!" the people inside were supposed to come to the door and comment on our costumes. oh! here's a ghost. oh, there's a witch. oh, here's an old lady. sometimes they would play along with us and pretend to be scared by some ghost or witch. but they would always have some candy and maybe an apple to put in our "trick or treat bags." but what if no one come to the door, or if someone chased us away? then we'd play a trick on them, usually taking a piece of soap and make marks on their windows. .and afterwards we would go home and count who got the most candy. one popular teen-agers' halloween trick was to unroll a roll of toilet pa-pe-r and throw it high into a tree again and again until the tree was all wrapped in the white pa-pe-r. the pa-pe-r would often stay in the tree for weeks until a heavy snow or rain washed it off. no real harm done, but it made a big mess of both the tree and the yard under it. one kind of halloween mischief.
关于万圣节有这样一个故事。是说有一个叫杰克的爱尔半兰人，因为他对钱特别的吝啬，就不允许他进入天堂，而被打入地狱。但是在那里他老是捉弄魔鬼撒旦，所以被踢出地狱，罚他提着灯笼永远在人世里行走。在-十-月三十一日爱尔兰的孩子们用土豆和罗卜制作“杰克的灯笼”，他们把中间挖掉、表面上打洞并在里边点上蜡烛。为村里庆祝督伊德神的万圣节，孩子们提着这种灯笼挨家挨户乞计食物。?这种灯笼的爱尔兰名字是“拿灯笼的杰克”或者“杰克的灯笼”，缩写为jack-o'-lantern ?在拼写为jack-o-lantern。 现在你在大多数书里读到的万圣节只是孩子们开心的夜晚。在小学校里，万圣节是每年十月份开始庆祝的。孩子们会制作万圣节的装饰品：各种各样桔红色的南瓜灯。你可以用黑色的纸做一个可怕的造形??一个骑在扫帚把上戴着尖尖帽子的女巫飞过天空，或者是黑蝙蝠飞过月亮。这些都代表恶运。当然黑猫代表运气更差。有时候会出现黑猫骑在女巫扫帚后面飞向天空的造形。在万圣节的晚上，我们都穿着爸爸妈妈的旧衣服和旧鞋子，戴上面具，打算外出。比我们小的孩子必须和他们的母亲一块出去，我们大一点的就一起哄到领居家，按他们的门铃并大声喊道：“恶作剧还是招待!”意思是给我们吃的，要不我们就捉弄你。里边的人们应该出?评价我们的化装。 “噢!这是鬼，那是女巫，这是个老太婆。” 有时候他们会跟我们一起玩，假装被鬼或者女巫吓着了。但是他们通常会带一些糖果或者苹果放进我们的“恶作剧还是招待”的口袋里。可是要是没人回答门铃或者是有人把我们赶开该怎么办呢?我们就捉弄他们，通常是拿一块肥皂把他们的玻璃涂得乱七八糟。然后我们回家，数数谁的糖果最多。还有一个典型的万圣节花招是把一卷手纸拉开，不停地往树上扔，直到树全被白纸裹起?。除非下大雪或大雨把纸冲掉，纸会一直呆在树上。这并不造成真正的伤害，只是把树和院子搞乱，一种万圣节的恶作剧。
万圣节的由来：从死神节到南瓜灯
halloween, or hallowe'en, a holiday celebrated on the night of october 31, is a mix of ancient celtic practices, catholic and roman religious rituals and european folk traditions that blended together over time to create the holiday we know today.
万圣节前夜(每年10月31日)，在其形成过程中逐渐融合了凯尔特习俗、天主教仪式和欧洲民间传统，最终形成了我们今天所见的这样一个节日。
ancient
远古时期
shades: throughout ancient history, shades meant the spirit of a dead person, residing in the underworld.
幽灵：远古时期，人们认为幽灵是生活在地下世界的死者的灵魂。
carving gourds into elaborately decorated lanterns dates back thousands of years to africa.
将葫芦精雕细刻、做成灯笼的习俗可追溯到几千年前的非洲。
800-450 b.c.
公元前800-450年
the ancient celts believed that wearing masks would ward off evil spirits.
古凯尔特人相信戴上面具可以避开邪灵。
pre-1st century
1世纪前
samhain: the festival of samhain is a celebration of the end of the gaelic harvest season.
死神节：盖尔人(苏格兰和爱尔兰的凯尔特人)庆祝丰收季节结束的节日。
1st century
1世纪
gaels believed that the border between this world and the otherworld became thin on sambain; because animals and plants were dying, it allowed the dead to reach back through the veil that separated them from the living.
盖尔人相信，在死神节，现世与冥界的边界会逐渐消失。动物和植物纷纷死去，而死者将穿过把他们同生者隔开的幕布重回世间。
bonfires played a major role in the festival of samhain. celebrants wore costumes, mostly skins and animal heads, and danced around bonfires.
篝火对于死神节来说是必不可少的。参加庆典的人们穿上动物的皮毛和头颅做成的服装，围着篝火舞蹈。
by a.d. 43, romans had conquered much of celtic territory. two roman festivals were combined with the celtic celebration of samhain: feralia, a day in late october when romans commemorated the passing of the dead, and a day to honor pomona, roman goddess of fruit and trees.
公元43年，罗马人占领了凯尔特人的大部分领土，并将两个罗马节日与死神节的传统结合起来：一个是纪念死者的feralia节(十月末的一天)，另一个是纪念罗马的果树女神pomona的节日。
werewolf: the original werewolf of classical mythology, lycaon, a king of arcadia who, according to ovid's metamorphoses, was turned into a ravenous wolf by zeus. possibly the source of the term lycanthropy.
狼人：古罗马诗人奥维德在他的《变形记》中描绘了古典神话中狼人的原型——阿卡迪亚王吕卡翁，由于触怒天神宙斯而被变成了一匹狼。也许“变狼妄想狂”一词就是来源于这个故事。
3rd century
3世纪
in the roman catholic church, a commemoration of "all martyrs" was celebrated between mid april and early may.
在每年四月中旬到五月初这段时间，罗马天主教会庆祝一个名为“众殉道者节”的纪念性节日。
7th century
7世纪
the festival of all siants dates to may 13 in 609 or 610, when pope boniface ivconsecrated the pantheon at rome.
公元609或610年，教皇卜尼法斯四世为罗马万神殿祝圣，并将5月13日定为“众圣人节”。
this date was an ancient pagan observation, the end of the feast of the lemures, in which the evil and restless spirits of all the dead were appeased.
这一节期原本是古老的异教节日——勒姆瑞斯(夜游魂)节的末尾，在这一节日期间人们试图安抚那些邪-恶且永不安宁的亡魂。
8th century
8世纪
pope gregory iii designated november 1st all saints' day, a time to honor saints and martyrs.
教皇格列高利三世将每年11月1日定为“众圣人节”，以此纪念圣人和殉道者。
many believe the pope was attempting to replace the celtic festival of the dead with a related, but church-sanctioned holiday.
人们相信，教皇此举是为了用一个教会认可的节日来替代凯尔特的亡者之节日。
saint boniface declared that belief in the existence of witches was un-christian.
圣卜尼法斯(680-754，本笃会修士，美因茨大主教)宣布，相信女巫的存在是不合基-督教教义的。
10th century
10世纪
the catholic church made november 2nd all souls' day, a day to honor the dead.
天主教会将每年11月2日定为“万灵节”，以纪念死者。
the three catholic celebrations, the eve of all saints', all saints', and all souls', were called hallowmas.
至此，天主教的三大节日——众圣人节前夜，众圣人节，万灵节，被统称为“hallowmas”(即“万圣节”之意)。
middle ages
中世纪
carved turnips in ireland and scotland are used as candle lanterns in windows to ward off harmful spirits.
在爱尔兰和苏格兰，人们将芜菁(形似萝卜)雕刻成灯笼放在窗台上，以此抵挡邪灵。
soul cakes, often simply referred to as souls, were given out to soulers (mainly consisting of children and the poor) who would go from door to door on hallowmas singing and saying prayers for the dead. each cake eaten would represent a soul being freed from purgatory.
另一项传统习俗涉及“灵魂饼”：在万圣节期间，小孩和穷人会挨家挨户地唱歌并为死者祈祷，人们则给他们一种被称作“灵魂饼”的点心作为报酬。据说每吃掉一个“灵魂饼”，就会有一个灵魂被从炼狱中拯救出来。
万圣节南瓜灯的制作方法及由来（英文版）
南瓜也是万圣节的标志性象征。南瓜是橘黄色的，所以橘黄色也成了传统的万圣节颜色。用南瓜雕制南瓜灯也是一个万圣节传统，其历史也可追溯到爱尔兰。
a well carved pumpkin will impress your friends, neighbors and best of all, you’re trick-or-treaters! carving a pumpkin into a jack-o’-lantern freehand is the traditional way of doing it, it is very easy and only takes a few basic tools. a large spoon or ice-cream scoop, a thin bladed knife and some newspa-pe-r will get you started.
with a long, thin bladed knife, cut out the top of the pumpkin a few inches out from the stem. the hole should be large enough to allow you to scoop out the guts (seeds and stringy membrane) by hand and with a large spoon. generally, the size of the hole should be about two-thirds the diameter of the pumpkin. while you can cut a round circle out, you’ll find that cutting a five or six sided opening will work the best. as you cut out the top hole, angle the knife so that the lid and hole will be somewhat cone shaped. this will help prevent the lid from falling into the hole. now use the spoon to scrap the inside walls clean.
inspect the surf-ace of the pumpkin to decide the best side to carve your face. now, visualizing the face you want to carve, use your knife to carefully cut out the individual parts of the face or you can pre-marked the pumpkin by using a crayon to draw the face onto the surf-ace of the pumpkin and cut through the lines you drew. when you are finished cutting, carefully push out the pieces to view the final results.
make sure that you have scrapped the bottom of the pumpkin flat, so that the candle will sit level in the pumpkin. we prefer the traditional use of candles to illuminate our jack-o’-lanterns. a votive candle, placed in a clear glass candle holder is safer and will actually last longer. also, plain white candles give off the most light and will illuminate the inside of your jack-o’-lantern the best.
now you’re all set to light up your pumpkin for halloween night!
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