译作赏析林语堂译《桃花源记》

时间:2023-10-11 10:43:04 赛赛 赏析 我要投稿
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经典译作赏析林语堂译《桃花源记》

  《桃花源记》是东晋文学家陶渊明的代表作之一,是《桃花源诗》的序言,选自《陶渊明集》。此文借武陵渔人行踪这一线索,把现实和理想境界联系起来,通过对桃花源的安宁和乐、自由平等生活的描绘,表现了作者追求美好生活的理想和对当时的现实生活不满。以下是小编整理的译作赏析林语堂译《桃花源记》,欢迎阅读。

经典译作赏析林语堂译《桃花源记》

  译作赏析林语堂译《桃花源记》

  晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业,缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷;渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。林尽水源,便得一山。山有小口,仿佛若有光,便舍船,从口入。初极狭,才通人;复行数十步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨然。有良田美池,桑竹之属,阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人;黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来;具答之。便要还家,设酒、杀鸡、作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云:先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉;遂与外人间隔。问今是何世?乃不知有汉,无论魏、晋!此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食,停数日,辞去。此中人语云:“不足为外人道。”During the reign of Taiyuan of Chin, there was a fisherman of Wuling. One day he was walking along a bank. After having gone a certain distance, he suddenly came upon a peach grove which extended along the bank for about a hundred yards. He noticed with surprise that the grove had a magic effect, so singularly free from the usual mingling of brushwood, while the beautifully grassy ground was covered with its rose petals. He went further to explore, and when he came to the end of the grove, he saw a spring which came from a cave in the hill, Having noticed that there seemed to be a weak light in the cave, he tied up his boat and decided to go in and explore. At first the opening was very narrow, barely wide enough for one person to go in. After a dozen steps, it opened into a flood of light. He saw before his eyes a wide, level valley, with houses and fields and farms. There were bamboos and mulberries; farmers were working and dogs and chickens were running about. The dresses of the men and women were like those of the outside world, and the old men and children appeared very happy and contented. They were greatly astonished to see the fisherman and asked him where he had come from. The fisherman told them and was invited to their homes, where wine was served and chicken was killed for dinner to entertain him. The villagers hearing of his coming all came to see him and to talk. They said that their ancestors had come here as refugees to escape from the tyranny of Tsin Shih-huang (builder of Great Wall) some six hundred years ago, and they had never left it. They were thus completely cut off from the world, and asked what was the ruling dynasty now. They had not even heard of the Han Dynasty (two centuries before to two centuries after Christ), not to speak of the Wei (third century A.D.) and the Chin (third and fourth centuries). The fisherman told them, which they heard with great amazement. Many of the other villagers then began to invite him to their homes by turn and feed him dinner and wine.After a few days, he took leave of them and left. The villagers begged him not to tell the people outside about their colony.

  既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷不复得路。南阳刘子骥,高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往,未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。The man found his boat and came back, marking with signs the route he had followed. He went to the magistrate’s office and told the magistrate about it. The latter sent someone to go with him and find the place. They looked for the signs but got lost and could never find it again. Liu Tsechi of Nanyang was a great idealist. He heard of this story, and planned to go and find it, but was taken ill and died before he could fulfill his wish. Since then, no one has gone in search of this place.

  译文

  东晋太元年间,武陵郡有个人以打鱼为生。一天,他顺着溪水行船,忘记了路程的远近。忽然遇到一片桃花林,生长在溪水的两岸,长达几百步,中间没有别的树,花草鲜嫩美丽,落花纷纷地散在地上。渔人对此(眼前的景色)感到十分诧异,继续往前行船,想走到林子的尽头。

  桃林的尽头就是溪水的发源地,于是便出现一座山,山上有个小洞口,洞里仿佛有点光亮。于是他下了船,从洞口进去了。起初洞口很狭窄,仅容一人通过。又走了几十步,突然变得开阔明亮了。(呈现在他眼前的是)一片平坦宽广的土地,一排排整齐的房舍。还有肥沃的田地、美丽的池沼,桑树竹林之类的。田间小路交错相通,鸡鸣狗叫到处可以听到。人们在田野里来来往往耕种劳作,男女的穿戴跟桃花源以外的世人完全一样。老人和小孩们个个都安适愉快,自得其乐。

  村里的人看到渔人,感到非常惊讶,问他是从哪儿来的。渔人详细地做了回答。村里有人就邀请他到自己家里去(做客)。设酒杀鸡做饭来款待他。村里的人听说来了这么一个人,就都来打听消息。他们自己说他们的祖先为了躲避秦时的战乱,领着妻子儿女和乡邻来到这个与人世隔绝的地方,不再出去,因而跟外面的人断绝了来往。他们问渔人现在是什么朝代,他们竟然不知道有过汉朝,更不必说魏晋两朝了。渔人把自己知道的事一一详尽地告诉了他们,听完以后,他们都感叹惋惜。其余的人各自又把渔人请到自己家中,都拿出酒饭来款待他。渔人停留了几天,向村里人告辞离开。村里的人对他说:“我们这个地方不值得对外面的人说啊!”

  渔人出来以后,找到了他的船,就顺着旧路回去,处处都做了标记。到了郡城,到太守那里拜访,报告了这番经历。太守立即派人跟着他去,寻找以前所做的标记,终于迷失了方向,再也找不到通往桃花源的路了。

  南阳人刘子骥是个志向高洁的隐士,听到这件事后,高兴地计划前往。但没有实现,不久因病去世了。此后就再也没有问桃花源路的人了。

  创作背景

  年轻时的陶渊明本有“大济苍生”之志,可是,他生活的时代正是晋宋易主之际,东晋王朝极端腐败,对外一味投降,安于江左一隅之地。统治集团生活荒淫,内部互相倾轧,军阀连年混战,赋税徭役繁重,加深了对人民的剥削和压榨。在国家濒临崩溃的动乱岁月里,陶渊明的一腔抱负根本无法实现。同时,东晋王朝承袭旧制,实行门阀制度,保护高门士族贵族官僚的特权,致使中小地主出身的知识分子没有施展才能的机会。像陶渊明这样一个祖辈父辈仅做过一任太守一类官职,家境早已败落的寒门之士,当然就“壮志难酬”了。加之他性格耿直,清明廉正,不愿卑躬屈膝攀附权贵,因而和污浊黑暗的现实社会发生了尖锐的矛盾,产生了格格不入的感情。义熙元年(405年),他坚定而坚决地辞去了上任仅81天的彭泽县令,与统治者最后决裂,长期归隐田园,躬耕僻野。

  陶渊明虽远在江湖,仍旧关心国家政事。元熙二年(420年)六月,刘裕废晋恭帝为零陵王,改年号为“永初”。次年,刘裕采取阴谋手段,用棉被闷死晋恭帝。这些不能不激起陶渊明思想的波澜。他从固有的儒家观念出发,产生了对刘裕政权的不满,加深了对现实社会的憎恨。但他无法改变、也不愿干预这种现状,只好借助创作来抒写情怀,塑造了一个与污浊黑暗社会相对立的美好境界,以寄托自己的政治理想与美好情趣。《桃花源记》就是在这样的背景下创作的。

  赏析

  《桃花源记》通过对桃花源的安宁和乐、自由平等生活的描绘,表现了作者追求美好生活的理想和对现实生活的不满。

  陶渊明作诗,擅长白描,文体省净,语出自然。《桃花源记》也具有这种艺术风格。它虽是虚构的世外仙境,但由于采用写实手法,虚景实写,给人以真实感,仿佛实有其人,真有其事。全文以武陵渔人行踪为线索,像小说一样描述了溪行捕鱼、桃源仙境、重寻迷路三段故事。

  第一段以“忘”、“忽逢”、“甚异”、“欲穷”四个相承续的词语生动揭示出武陵渔人一连串的心理活动。“忘”字写其一心捕鱼,无意于计路程远近,又暗示所行已远。其专注于一而忘其余的精神状态,与“徐行不记山深浅”的妙境相似。“忽逢”与“甚异”相照应,写其意外见到桃花林的惊异神情,又突出了桃花林的绝美景色。“芳草鲜美,落英缤纷”两句,乃写景妙笔,色彩绚丽,景色优美,仿佛有阵阵清香从笔端溢出,造语工丽而又如信手拈来。

  第二段先以数语描述发现仙境经过。“林尽水源,便得一山”,点明已至幽迥之地;“山有小口,仿佛若有光”,暗示定非寻常去处。渔人的搜寻目光、急切心情也映带出来。及至通过小口狭道,写到“豁然开朗”,又深有柳暗花明的韵致。进入桃源仙境之后,先将土地、屋舍、良田、美池、桑竹、阡陌、鸡鸣犬吠诸景一一写来,所见所闻,历历在目。然后由远而近,由景及人,描述桃源人物的往来种作、衣着装束和怡然自乐的生活,勾出一幅理想的田园生活图景。最后写桃源人见到渔人的情景,由“大惊”而“问所从来”,由热情款待到临别叮嘱,写得情真意切,洋溢着浓郁的生活气息。

  第四段先写渔人在沿着来路返回途中“处处志之”,暗示其有意重来。“诣太守,说如此”,写其违背桃源人“不足为外人道也”的叮嘱。太守遣人随往的“不复得路”和刘子骥的规往不果,都是着意安排的情节,明写仙境难寻,暗写桃源人不愿“外人”重来。对桃源仙境,世俗之人寻访无着也不再问津了,而陶渊明自己却从来没有停止过追求,在《桃花源诗》的结尾处就剖露了“愿言蹑轻风,高举寻吾契”的心愿。他以桃花源人为志趣相合的契友,热切期望与之共同生活于桃花源中。

  陶渊明成功地运用了虚景实写的手法,使人感受到桃源仙境是一个真实的存在,显示出高超的叙事写景的艺术才能。但《桃花源记》的艺术成就和魅力绝不仅限于此,陶渊明也不仅仅是企望人们确认其为真实的存在。所以,在虚景实写的同时,又实中有虚,有意留下几处似无非无,似有非有,使人费尽猜想也无从寻求答案的话题。桃源人的叮嘱和故事结尾安排的“不复得路”、“规往未果”等情节,虚虚实实,徜恍迷离,便是这些话题中最堪寻味之笔。它所暗示于世人的是似在人间非在人间,不是人间胜似人间,只可于无意中得之而不可于有意中求之,似乎与“此中有真意,欲辨已忘言”有着某种微妙的内在联系。这虚渺灵奥之区始终蒙着一层神秘的面纱,“借问游方士,焉测尘嚣外”,世人是难以揭晓的。它的开而复闭,渔人的得而复失,是陶渊明有意留下的千古之谜,“惹得诗人说到今”。可是,他又在《桃花源诗》中透露了一点消息,说“一朝敞神界”之所以“旋复还幽蔽”,乃是因为“淳薄既异源”!原来桃源民风淳厚,人间世风浇薄,惟恐“使武陵太守至焉,化为争夺之场”(苏轼《和桃花源诗序》),玷污了这块化外的净土,即使像刘子骥那样的人间高尚之士,也得不到一睹仙境的机缘。

  《桃花源记》的故事和其他仙境故事有相似之处,描写了一个美好的世外仙界。不过应当强调的是,陶渊明所提供的理想模式有其特殊之处:在那里生活着的其实是普普通通的人,一群避难的人,而不是神仙,只是比世人多保留了天性的真淳而已;他们的和平、宁静、幸福,都是通过自己的劳动取得的。古代的许多仙话,描绘的是长生和财宝,桃花源里既没有长生也没有财宝,只有一片农耕的景象。陶渊明归隐之初想到的还只是个人的进退清浊,写《桃花源记》时已经不限于个人,而想到整个社会的出路和广大人民的幸福。陶渊明迈出这一步与多年的躬耕和贫困的生活体验有关。虽然桃花源只是空想,只是作者理想当中的社会,但是能提出这个空想是难能可贵的。

  此文艺术构思精巧,借武陵渔人行踪这一线索,把现实和理想境界联系起来。采用虚写、实写相结合手法,也是其一个特点,增添了神秘感。语言生动简炼、隽永,看似轻描淡写,但其中的描写使得景物历历在目,令人神往。文章有详有略,中心突出。

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