名词代词数词形容词副词介词短语形容词化的分词表语从句，定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词词组或句子，有主语有谓语方可称为句子否则为短语，寻找谓语动词或系动词以确定主谓结构。
11.2句子结构语法
1.主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。Thesunrisesintheeast（名词）Helikesdancing.（代词）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.（动名词）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Whatheneedsisabook.（主语从句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
2.谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.
3.表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.（名词）Seventy-four!Youdon’tlookit.（代词）Fiveandfiveisten.（数词）Heisasleep.（形容词）Hisfatherisin.（副词）Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.（表语从句）
（常见的系动词有:be,sound（听起来）,look（看起来）,feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）,remain（保持，仍是）,feel（感觉）……Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomlooksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.
4.宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：
1
IlikeChina.（名词）Hehatesyou.（代词）
Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.（数词）Ienjoyworkingwithyou.（动名词）Ihopetoseeyouagain.（不定式）Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（宾语从句）
2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.
3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.
5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
Weelectedhimmonitor.（名词）Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.（名词）Wewillmakethemhappy.（形容词）Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)
Pleasemakeyourselfathome.（介词短语）Don’tlethimdothat.（省to不定式）Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（带to不定式）Don’tkeepthelightsburning.（现在分词）I’llhavemybikerepaired.（过去分词）
6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。AiYanlingisachemistryteacher.（名词）Heisourfriend.（代词）Webelongtothethirdworld.（数词）Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（形容词）Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)TheboysplayingfootballareinCla2.（现在分词）Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.（过去分词）2
Ihaveanideatodoitwell.（不定式）YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.（定语从句）
7.状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）Iwillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeetingroom.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.
Hedidn’tstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpatheexam.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.
3
语法题析(11)---基本句子结构
语法题析---基本句子结构
结构指的是句子的基本结构，表达法所指内容极为广泛，概括地讲，它指英文句子中词和短语的正确形式以及词与词，词与短语的正确搭配。这里主要讲解有关结构的命题，即英文句子的基本构成形式。
基本句子结构常考题型及解题要点
一般来讲，所考的有关句子结构的题目都比较简单，通常是正常词序的简单句和复合句，即主语－谓语－宾语或主语－系词－表语两种基本词序。倒装句、省略句、强调句试题也时有出现。但所占比例很校
基本句型
（1）简单句主－谓－宾
主－系－表
（2）复合句主句＋连词＋从句
连词＋从句，主句
（3）并列句句1＋连词＋句2
基本概念
（1）有主语、有谓语方可称为句子，否则为短语。
（2）主句和从句必须有连接词衔接。连接句可在两个句子中间，亦可放置于句首。解题要点
（1）寻找谓语动词或系动词以确定主谓结构
（2）寻找连接词以确定句子结构
（3）分别检查主句和从句的主谓结构
例题分析
1.简单句中主语谓语要完整
(1)Inadditiontopleasure,_____excitement,challenge,andrelaxation.
(A)theprovidingofgarrets(B)gamesifproviding
(C)thegameswhichprovide(D)gamesprovide
[答案]D空格前为一介词短语、空格后为三个并列名。此句即无主语，也无谓语，故选择含有动词的答案（D）。寻找动词是最快捷的途径。
(2)_____haswonconsistentpraiseforhernovelsaboutBlackchildren.
(A)VirginiaHamiltonwho(B)BecauseVirginiaHamilton
(C)VirginiaHamilton(D)ThefactthanVirginiaHamilton
[答案]C空格后面是谓语动词形式hasown,故空格内应主语句词，即（C）。
(3)Withaffectionandhumor,poetphyllisMcGinley_____ofordinarylife.
(A)thevirtueswerepraised(B)praisedthevirtues
(C)shepraisedthevirtues(D)herpraiseofthevirtues
[答案]B此句有主语，但缺谓语动词，故选择（B）。
(4)_______becameastatein1876.
(A)WhenColorado(B)Colorado
(C)ItwasColorado(D)Coloradowhich
[答案]B空格后的谓动词became表明应选择一个名词作主语，即（B）。
2.主句和从句皆要有完整的主语和谓语
(1)Becauseithardenssoftmetalssuchastinandlead,_____inalloys.
(A)antimonyisused(B)usingantimony(C)antimonyuses
(D)touseantimony
[答案]ABecause引导的状语从句主谓结构完整，而主句却主谓俱缺，故选择主谓完整而句意正确的答案（A）。
(2)ThedominantphilosophyoftheAgeofEnlightenmers_____intheuniverseintermsofforcesthatcouldbedetectedbythehumansenses.
(A)anexplanationforeverything
(B)attemptedtoexplaineverything
(C)everythingwasanattempt
(D)explainedandattempted
[答案]B这是个含有定语从句的复合句。主句缺少谓语动词，故选择（B）。答案（D）亦为动词，但缺少宾语。
(3)_______thatbothbirdsandmamma8|5becomelarger,theirmetaboliteratesperunitoftissuedecrease,andtheygenerallylivelonger.
(A)Thetruth(B)Iftrue
(C)Itistrue(D)Tobetrue
[答案]C空格后面的连接词That表明此处应填入主句，即含有主语和谓语的答案。四项选择中只有（C）是完整的句子。
(4)Prescriptionsforcorrectivelensesthatareprovidedbyanoptometristareoftenbroughttoanopticianwho_____thelenses.
(A)grinding(B)grinds(C)theygrind(D)areground
[答案]B空格前面的连接词who引导一个定语从句。此句缺少谓语动词，故选择答案（B）。答案（D）亦为谓语动词形式，但被动语态不适合本句。
2016年中考英语语法句子结构专题
专题十三句子的结构测试过关
考号：______姓名：_____________做题时间：25分钟得分：__________I.判断下列句子是简单句（A）并列句（B），还是复合句（C）
()1.Idon’tlikeEnglishwhilemysisterisgoodatit.
()2.Whenyoucamein,shewaswashingherclothes.
()3.Ifyoudon’tgothere,theywillnotbehappy.
()4.WiththehelpofmygoodfriendWeiWei,Isucceededinpassingtheexam.
()5.Haveyoueverseenthemanwhoiswearingaredcap?
II.单项选择。
()1.Mr.SmithknowslittleChinese,____hecan'tunderstandChinesecultureatall.
A.soB.orC.butD.for
()2.—Canyouplaybasketball?
—Yes,Ican,____Ican'tplayitverywell.
A.orB.andC.soD.but
()3.Thewarwasoverabouttwoweeksago,_____thesoldiersinIraqarestillhavingalotofproblemstodealwith.
A.orB.andC.butD.so
()4.Youmuststudyhard,_____youwillfallbehindothers.
A.andB.butC.soD.or
()5.Takeexerciseeverymorning,____youwillbecomemuchstronger.
A.orB.andC.butD.while
()6.Holdonyouridea,______you'resuretobesuccessfulinthisexam.
A.andB.orC.butD.so
()7.—WillyougoonTuesdayorWednesday?
—I'mafraid______dayispossible.I'llbeverybusynextweek.
A.eitherB.neitherC.bothD.also
()8.____Jim_____Jackmaygowithyoubecauseoneofthemmuststayintheschool.
A.Notonly;butalsoB.Neither;nor
C.Both;andD.Either;or
()9.Becarefulwithdangerousanimals,_____you'llbehurt.
A.andB.butC.orD.so
()10.—Didn'tyougiveflowerstoyourMotheronMother'sDay?
—Oh,notonlymymother,______mygrandmagotredroses.
A.orB.andC.butD.until
()11.Whatdoyouthinkofthetwopairsoftrousers?
Theydon'tfitmewell.Theyare_toobig_toosmall.
A.notonly;butalsoB.both;and
C.neither;norD.either;or
()12.Stopcuttingtreesdown,_____theearthwillbecomeworseandworse.
A.andB.thenCbutD.or
()13.Myfatherboughtmeatoycar____Ilikeditverymuch.
A.andB.soC.butD.or
()14.Everybodywenttothepark,______Ididn't.
A.getB.orC.butD.so
()15.—Hello,MiWhite!
—I'msorry,_____Idon'tthinkIknowyou.
A.andB.orC.butD.because
()16.Thelittlegirlisveryyoung_____shecanlookafterherselfwell.
A.soB.butC.ifD.or
()17.Lilyputherhandsbehindherback,____nobodycouldseethem.
A.soB.andC.orD.but
()18.NeitheryounorI_____fromAustralia.WearefromtheUSA.
A.isB.areC.amD.be
()19.—Wecanlearnknowledge____frombooks_____fromlife.
—Yes,bothareimportant.
A.either；orB.notonly；butalso
Cneither；norD.not；and
()20._______IarriveinBeijing,I’llcallyouup.
A.SinceB.WhileC.OnceD.Although
()21.Iwon’tgetsucceeded__yougivemeahand.
A.unlessB.ifnotC.exceptD.whether
()22.Bencouldn’tbeintheofficeatthattime_____howmanytimesIphonedhim,nobodyansweredit.
A.becauseB.butC.whomD.Though
()23.IhadbeentoXi’anlong______youvisitedit.
A.beforeB.tillC.afterD.when
()24._______,heisgoodatdrawing.
A.TobeachildB.Achildasheis
C.AsachildD.Childasheis
()25.Don’tloseheart___youhavefailedtheexam.
A.whetherB.asifC.evenifD.however
()26.Wecangettotheairportontime_____thereisn’tanytrafficjam（堵塞）.
A.whileB.aslongasC.sothatD.evenif
()27.Thepencilboxontheleftis______thantheoneontheright,andnot_____.
A.morenicer；soexpensive
B.muchmorebetter；asexpensive
C.nicer；asexpensiveD.better；suchexpensive
()28.Itwasn’tlong______shejoinedthearmy.
A.thatB.beforeC.untilD.and
()29.Thesenewplanescanfly__thantheoldones.
A.asfastthreetimesB.threetimesasfast
C.threetimesfastD.threetimesfaster
()30._______hadthebellrung______thestudentswentintotheclassroom.
A.Hardly；whenB.Nosooner；when
C.Hardly；thanD.Nosooner；then
()31.______youhavecome,let’sstayandenjoyit.
A.ForB.AsC.BecauseD.Since
()32.You’dbetterdo_____youareasked.
A.likeB.whichC.thatD.as
()33.______thatnoneofuscouldfollowher.
A.ShespokeveryfastB.Sofastshespoke
C.ToofastshespokeD.Sofastdidshespeak
()34.I’llsetoffearly,______itmaybedarkwhenIgetthere.
A.howeverB.whetherC.ifD.otherwise
()35._____thebabyfellasleep______theroom.
A.After；didthemotherleave
B.Notuntil；didthemotherleave
C.Notuntil；themotherleft
D.Soonafter；themotherhadleft
()36.Lilycan’thavegoneout,__thelightisstillon.
A.andB.butC.beforeD.for
()37.Iwaswalkingalongthebank_____Iheardacryfromtheriver.
A.whileB.sinceC.whenD.as
()38.Weshouldn’tdothechemistryexperiment________theteacheriswithas.
A.ifnotB.ifC.unlessD.aslongas
()39.Shehas____littleeducation_____sheisunabletofindajob.
A.such；thatB.so；andC.so；thatD.such；and
()40.Iwillgo______ourmotherlandneedsmemostaftergraduation.
A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.what
()41.Doyouknowtheboy______motherisanactress?
A.whoB.whoseC.whomD.that
()42.Canyoutellmethereason______youalwayscometoschoollate?
A.whyB.whereC.whichD.that
()43.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho______thechancetogototheUSA.
A.haveB.getC.getsD.grasp
()44.Iamlookingforaquietplacein______IcanstudyEnglish.
A.whereB.whichC.thatD.who
()45.Doyoustillrememberthedays______weplayedhideandseekgamestogether?
A.whichB.thatC.whenD.why
()46.All______shouldcomehavecome.
A.thatB.whichC.whatD.whose
()47.Tomgotthefirstplaceinthecompetition,_____madeothersunhappy.
A.whoB.thatC.whichD.what
()48.Thesituation______hehastofaceisveryserious.
A.whereB.whomC.whichD.why
()49.Itisforthethirdtime______hehascometoschoollate.
A.whenB.whoC.thatD.which
()50.Itisthetallestbuilding_____Ihaveeverseeninmylife.
A.whichB.thatC.whereD.whom
【质量标准控制考试满分过关】
以上50小题中，做错的题目有：
____________________________________；解决日期是：________________________；解决途径：__________________________；感谢恩人：__________________________.1—5:BCCAC