主语和谓语是句子的主体部分,主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体一般位于句首,宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者一般位于及物动词和介词后面,主语及物动词双宾语间接宾语直接宾语。
句子基本结构及成分
句子基本结构及成分:
1+
2++
3++间接宾语+直接宾语
4+系动词)+表语
5++宾语+宾语补足语(简称宾补)
高中句子成分详细讲解及基本句型结构
英语句子成分详解
一、英语句子的成分
组成句子的各个部分叫作句子的成分。
句子成分主要包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。
1)主语subject
主语是一个句子的主体,是全句叙述的对象,是句子要说明的人或事物,即表示句子所说的“是什么”或“是谁”,常由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式等担任,一般位于句首。
ThegirlcansingmanyEnglishsongs.
Wearestudents./Thisismypen.Yoursisonthedesk.
Theblindneedmorehelp.
Tospeakloudlyinpublicisnotpolite.
Smokingisbadforyourhealth.
2)谓语predicate
谓语是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的动作或状态,常由动词担任,一般位于主语之后。谓语有时态和语态的变化,且要和主语在人称和数上保持一致。
Iloveyou.Youhateme.Youhurtmyheart.
IhaveanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Hehasonetoo.
Wecanplaythepiano.
Sheistalkingwithhersister./Ihaveseenthismanbefore.
3)宾语object
宾语是谓语动词所涉及的对象,是谓语动词所表示动作的对象或承受者。常由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式等担任,一般位于谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。
Heisdoinghishomework./Isawaplaneintheskyjustnow.
Theydidnothingthismorning./Imethimonmywayhome.
Shewantstogohome.
Weenjoyplayingfootball.
【注意】:某些及物动词之后要求有双宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语,直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人。这一类动词有:bring,give,pass,tell,hand,show,send,leave,teach,find,buy等。Hegavemeabook.
Pametheball,willyou?
MybestfriendsentmeaChristmascard.
4)表语predicative
表语是用于说明主语的性质、状态、身份或特征,常由名词、形容词、代词、动名词或动词不定式等担任,一般位于系动词之后。
Iamateacher.MyworkisteachingEnglish.Huaibeiisbeautiful.
Iamallright.Helookstired.Ifeelgoodtoday.Thismooncaketastesdelicious.Sheisnotagoodsinger.
Myquestionishowyouknewhim.
5)宾语补足语objectcomplement
宾语补足语是用于对宾语作进一步的补充说明,这样才能表达出完整的意思,宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语,常由名词、形容词、动词不定式或介词短语等担任,一般位于宾语之后。
Shemakeshermotherangry.
Wefindthestoryveryinteresting.
IfounditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell./Thesunkeepsuswarm.
Thedoctortoldmetodomoreexercise.
6)定语attribute
定语是用于对名词或代词进行修饰或限定,常由形容词、名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语或相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。一般单个形容词常位于被修饰词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句常位于被修饰词之后,作后置定语。
Huaibeiisabeautifulcity./Abrightfutureshinesbeforeoureyes.
Sheisachemistryteacher./Thissongisbetterthanthatone.
Doyouknowtheyoungmanoverthere?
Wehavesomethingtodotomorrow.
7)状语adverbial
状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。常用于表示时间、地点、原因、方式、条件、目的、结果、让步、伴随、程度等。
Lastnightshedidn’tgotothepartybecauseoftherain.
Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.
HehasgreatlyimprovedhisspokenEnglishbypracticingdayafterday.
Imustworkharderinordertocatchupwithothers.
句子成分练习题
(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词
①Confidenceisthekeytosuccess.
②Thereisanoldmancominghere.
③Thisusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.
④Playingfootballinthestreetisdangerous.
⑤Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnecessary.
(二)选出句中谓语的中心词
①Factsspeaklouderthanwords.
A.FactsB.speakC.louderD.words
②Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
A.HeB.practicesC.runningD.morning
③Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.
A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer
④Weshouldrespectourteachers.
A.WeB.shouldC.respectD.teachers
⑤Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.
A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework
(三)挑出下列句中的宾语
①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.
②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.
③Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.
④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?
⑤Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.
(四)划出下列句中的表语
①Armstrongisanastronaut.
②Hishobbyisplayingbasketball.
③Theirplanistofinishtheexperimentinaweek.④Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.⑤Thatlittlegirllookssobeautiful.
(五)划出下列句中的定语
①Thebeautifulpicturewasdrawnbyafamousartist.②ThewomendoctorsarefromBeijing.③TheboyunderthetreeisJack..④Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
⑤Iknowtheboywhobrokethewindowyesterday..
(六)划出下列句中的宾语补足语
①Hiswordsmademeangry.②Weelectedhimourmonitor.③Theyallfindhimhumorous.④TheycallmeJerrysometimes.⑤Isawanoldmancrossingtheroad.
(七)划出下列句中的状语
①Hesolvedthisprobleminastrangeway.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③Imustworkhardertoearnmyliving.④Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.
⑤Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.
(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
①Pleasetellusastory.
②Myfatherboughtmeanewbikelastweek.
③Mr.Smithisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Lendmeyourdictionary,please.
⑤Hesentabirthdaygifttomeyesterday.
简单句的基本句型结构
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型,掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基矗
英语五种基本句型列式如下:
基本句型一:SV(主+谓)基本句型二:SVP(主+系+表)
基本句型三:SVO(主+谓+宾)
基本句型四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)基本句型五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)
基本句型一:主谓S│V此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词。
1.Allthings│change.2.Themoon│rose.
3.Theuniverse│remains.4.Who│cares?
5.He│worksinabigcompany.6.They│talkedforhalfanhour.
基本句型二:主系表S│V│P
1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Theweather│is│verycold.
3.Theproblem│is│thatIamshortofmoney.4.Thedinner│smells│good.5.Everything│looks│different.
这是本英汉辞典。天气很冷。
问题是他们缺钱。晚餐闻起来不错。
一切看起来都不同了。一切事物都在不断变化。月亮升起了。
宇宙长存。管它呢?
他在一家大公司上班。他们谈了半个小时。
基本句型三:主谓宾S│V│O
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。1.Who│knows│theanswer?谁知道答案?2.He│enjoys│reading.
3.I│want│tohaveacupofcoffee.4.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.
基本句型四:主谓间宾直宾S│V│o│O1.She│ordered│herself│anewdress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.He│brought│you│adictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。3.I│showed│him│mypictures.4.I│gave│mycar│awash.5.I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.
我给他看我的照片。我洗了我的汽车。我告诉他汽车晚点了。他喜欢看书。我想喝杯咖啡。他承认犯了错误。
基本句型五:主谓宾宾补S│V│O│C此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。1.They│appointed│him│manager.他们任命他当经理。2.They│painted│thedoor│green.他们把门漆成绿色。3.This│set│them│thinking.
4.They│found│thehouse│deserted.5.What│makes│him│soangry?
分析下列句子的句型结构
这使得他们要细想一想。他们发现那房子无人居祝什么使他这样生气?
1.Theapplestastedsweet.2.Isawthemgettingonthebus.3.Hehandedmethenewspaper.4.Hegetsupatsixeverymorning.5.Helosthiswalletonhiswayhome.6.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.7.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.8.Wemustkeepourclassroomclean.9.Helookedunhappyatthattime.
10.Myfavouritesportsareswimmingandskating.11.AllmysadnedisappearwhenI’mwriting.
12.Hecamebackwhilewewerehavingdinnerlastnight.13.Wealsoplantedalotoftreesaroundourschool.14.Wearemakingourcountrymoreandmorebeautiful.15.TomorrowI’llwritehimaletterandtellhimthegoodnews.16.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourhometowntheseyears.17.LastyearIwonfirstprizeintheschoolcomputercompetition.
英语句子成分及基本结构
英语句子成分及基本结构
(一)句子成分的定义构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
(二)句子的具体成分
主语(subject):主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
1Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)2WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)
3One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclaaregirls.(数词)
4Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)
5Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)
6Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)
7WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)
8Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.
(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
谓语(predicate)
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
2、复合谓语:由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.
表语(predicative)
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)
Isityours?(代词)
Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)
Thespeechisexciting.(分词)
Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)
HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)
Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)
Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)
Timeisup.Theclaisover.(副词)
Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)
宾语(object)
宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:
Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.(名词)
Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)
Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词)
Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)
Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语)
Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)
Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)
HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)
Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)
Letthefreshairin.(副词)
Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)
Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)
Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)
Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)
定语(attributive修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)
Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)
Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.(名词)
HisrapidprogreinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)
Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)
Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)
HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)
状语(adverbial)
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语可由以下形式表示:
Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)
Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)
Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)
Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)
Waitaminute.(名词)
Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)
状语种类如下(时间状语)
Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedanceparty(原因状语)
(条件状语)(地点状语)(方式状语)(伴随状语)(目的状语)(结果状语)(让步状语)(比较状语)
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:
Westudentsshouldstudyhard.//Weallarestudents.
Carol,anAmericanteacher,willcometoourschool.
独立成分有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分
感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes
否定词no称呼语:mum,dad。
插入语:一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend
情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然,等。
简单句、并列句和复合句
(一)句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种:
1)陈述句(肯定、否定):Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.
2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意):Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?
3)祈使句:Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass
4)感叹句:Howclevertheboyis!
2、按句子的结构可分三种:
1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。
e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.
TomandMikeareAmericanboys.
Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.
2)并列句:由并列连词(and,but,or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.
HewantstogotherebutIdon’t
hurryup,oryouwillbelate.
ThishousebelongstoMr.Smith;itcostsmillionsofdollars.
3)复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall
ThisisthebookthatIwant.
Ithinkthatheisright.
简单句的五种基本句型
1主语+不及物动词:(SV)
Wework./Shecame./Myheadaches./Thebellrang.
2主语+系动词+表语(SVC)
系动词一be动词类:am、is、are、was、were
二表示变化类:become、get、turn、grow、go
三感官动词类:looksoundsmelltastefeelappear,seem
四表示延续性的动词:remain、stay、keep
Heisastudent//Hisfaceturnedred//Theappletastessweet//Thesoldierkeepsstill.
3主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO)
e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.Mikeatethreecakes
shedrewabeautifulpicture.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)(SVIOO)(SVOiO)
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)(SVOC)
Tommadethebabylaugh.
Wemadehimourmonitor.
Ican’tmakemyselfunderstood.
Wewanttohavethedeskrepaired.