年职称英语考试理工类级考试真题及答案解析。
2016年职称英语概括大意与完成句子
第一篇TheMakingofaSucceStory
第二篇ThePaperChase
第三篇EnglishandEnglishCommunity
第四篇Alaska
第五篇USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty
第六篇HowWeFormFirstImpression
第七篇HowtoArguewithYourBoss
第八篇ScreenTest
第九篇TransportandTrade
第十篇WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage
第十一篇IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain'sEconomyGrowing
第十二篇Intelligence:aChangedView
第十三篇WardoffTravelBugs
第十四篇HeartbeatofAmerica
第十五篇SmokeGetsinYourMind
第一篇TheMakingofaSucceStory
1IKEAistheworld'slargestfurnitureretailer,andmanbehinditisIngvarKamprad,oneoftheworld'smostsuccessfulentrepreneurs.BorninSwedenin1926,Kampradwasanaturalbusinessman.Asachild,heenjoyedsellingthingsandmadesmallprofitsfromsellingmatches,seeds,andpencilsinhiscommunity.WhenKampradwas17,hisfathergavehimsomemoneyasarewardforhisgoodgrades.Naturallyheusedittostartupabusiness-IKEA.
2IKEA'snamecomesfromKamprad'sinitials(I.K.)andtheplacewherehegrewup(`E`and`A`).TodayIKEAisknownforitsmodern,minimalistfurniture,butitwasnotafurniturecompanyinthebeginning.Rather,IKEAsoldallkindofmiscellaneousgoods,Kamprad'swareincludedanythingthathecouldsellforprofitsatdiscountedprices,includingwatches,pensandstockings.
3IKEAfirstbegantosellfurniturethroughamail-ordercataloguein1947.ThefurniturewasalldesignedandmadebymanufacturersnearKamprad'shome.Initialsaleswereveryencouraging,soKampradexpandedtheproductline.FurniturewassuchasuccessfulaspectofthebusinethatIKEAbecamesolelyafurniturecompanyin1951.
4In1953IKEAopenditsfirstshowroominAlmhult,Sweden.IKEAisknowntodayforitsspaciousstoreswithfurnitureinattractivesettings,butintheearly1950s,peopleorderedfromcatalogues,Thusresponsetothefirstshowroomwasoverwhelming:peoplelovedbeingabletosee
andtrythefurniturebeforebuyingit.Thisledtoincreasedsalesandthecompanycontinuedtothrive.By1955,IKEAwasdesigningallitsownfurniture.
5In1956Kampradsawamandisassemblingatabletomakeiteasiertotransport.Kampradwasinspired.Themanhadgivenhimagreatidea:flatpackaging.FlatpackagingwouldmeanlowershippingcostsforIKEAandlowerpricesforcustomers.IKEAtrieditandsalessoared.Theproblemwasthatpeoplehadtoassemblefurniturethemselves,butovertime,evemthisgrewintoanadvantageforIKEA.Nowadays,IKEAisoftenseenashavingconnotationsofself-sufficiency.Thisimagehasdonewondersforthecompany,leadingtobettersalesandcontinuedexpansion.
6Todaythereareover200storesin32countries.Amazingly,IngvarKampradhasmanagedtokeepIKEAaprivately-helpcompany.In2004hewasnamedtheworld'srichestman,HecurrentlylivesinSwitzerlandandisretiedfromtheday-to-dayoperationsofIKEA.IKEAitself,though,justkeepsongrowing.
1Paragraph2.TheoriginofIKEA
2Paragraph3Specializationinsellingfurniture
3Paragraph4Succebroughtbytheintroductionofshowrooms
4Paragraph5Flatpackaging–afeatureofIKEA
5Evenwhenhewasonlyachild,IngvarKampradshowedinterestinandtalentfordoingbusiness6IKEAbeganasasmallstoresellingallkindsofcheapthings.andyearslaterbecameabigcompanyspecializedinmanufacturingandsellingoffurniture.
7CustomerslikedtheideaofIKEA‘sshowroomsbecauseheretheycanseeandtrythefurnituretheyaregoingtobuy.
8AsflatpackagingsavesmoneyforbothIKEAandthecustomers,itishighlywelcomedbyboth
第二篇ThePaperChase
1."Runningahouseislotlikerunningabusiness."saysStephanieDenton,aprofessionalorganizerbasedinCincinnati,Ohio,whospecializesinbothresidentialandcommercialpaperworkandrecordkeeping.Togetasuccessfulgriponorganizingdocuments,bills,andothermaterials,Dentonsuggeststhefollowingtips:
2.Createaspaceinwhichyoucanalwaysdoyourpaperwork.Thisisperhapsthemostimportantelementofasuccessfulsystem.Ifyoucan'tdevoteanentiredesktothetask,atleastinvestinarollingfilecarttostoreactivepaperworkandatwo-drawerfilecabinetforfamilyrecords.Storetherollingfilecartwhereveritismostconvenientandcomfortabletodoyourwork.whetherthatisthekitchen,office,orfamilyroom.
3.Whenindoubt,throwitout,thefirststeptoimplementingaworkablefillingsystemistoeliminatepaperyoudon'tuse,don'tneed,orthatyoucouldeasilyacceagainelsewhere.Throwoutduplicatestatements,oldcatalogs,andallofthecoupons,mailings,orofferingsyou'llneverhaveanopportunitytouseorevenread.
4.Setasidetwodaysamonthtopaybills,ifamonthlyduedatedoesn'tfitintoyourcycle,callupthecreditorandsuggestamoreconvenientdate,keeptwomanilafoldersatthefrontofyoursystemforcurrentbills—onetocorrespondwitheachbill-payingday—andfileallincomingbills.Keepalistinthefrontofeachfolderofwhatneedstobepaidincasetheinvoiceneverarrivesorgetsmisplaces.
5.Thinkofyourfillingsystemnotasarigidtool,butasaliving,breathingsystemthatcanaccommodateyourchangingneeds.Agoodfillingsystemisbothmentallyandphysicallyflexible,everyone'sneedsaredifferent,saysDenton,butwhendevisingafillingsystem,askyourself:"WherewouldIlookforthis?"Createmainheadingsforyourfillingsystem,suchasinvestments,Taxes,Children,andsoforth,andfileindividualfoldersunderthemainheadings.Neveroverstuffyourfiles.
1Paragraph2FindaPlacetoWorkon
2Paragraph3GetRidofUnimportantThings
3Paragraph4DealingWithBills
4Paragraph5WhatIsaGoodFilingSystem
5StephanieDentonisexpertinpaperchase
6Youcanputyourfilecartanywhereyoulike,onconditionthatitiseasilyreached
7Couponsshouldbethrownawaybecausetheyareuseless
8"Mentallyflexible"indicatesthefacthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentrequirements
第三篇EnglishandEnglishCommunity
1Thereisnodenyingthat1Englishisausefullanguage.ThepeoplewhospeakEnglishtodaymakeupthelargestspeechcommunityintheworldwiththeexceptionofspeakersofChinese.OriginallytheyweresmalltribesofpeoplefromnorthernEuropewhosettledinEngland.Theirlanguagesbecamemoreandmoresimilartoeachother.Finally,thelanguagehadenoughuniformity2tobeusedbyallspeakersinEngland.Thepeoplewereunitedintoaspeechcommunitythroughtheirsharedlanguage.
2Aspeechcommunityissimilartootherkindsofcommunities.Thepeoplewhomakeuptheconimunityshareacommonlanguage.Oftentheylivesidebyside,astheydoinaneighborhood,avillage,oracity.Moreoftentheyformawholecountry.Nationalboundaries,however,arenotalwaysthesameastheboundariesofaspeechcommunity.Aspeechcommunityisanygroupofpeoplewhospeakthesamelanguagenomatterwheretheyhappentolive.
3WemaysaythatanyonewhospeaksEnglishbelongstotheEnglishspeechcommunity.Forconvenience3,wemayclassifythespeakersintotwogroups:oneinwhichthespeakersuseEnglishastheirnativelanguage,theotherinwhichthespeakerslearnEnglishasasecondlanguageforthepurposeofeducation,commerce,andsoon.
4Englishservesasanalternativelanguageinseveralareasofpublicactivityforthemanynationsoftheworldwhichemployitasaninternationalsecondlanguage.4Englishhasbeen
adoptedasthelanguageofairtraffic,commerce,aswellasinternationaldiplomacy.Moreover,EnglishisthelanguageofthemajorityofpublishedmaterialsintheworldsothateducationhascometorelyheavilyonanunderstandingofEnglish.
5Learningasecondlanguageextendsone'svisionandexpandsthemind.Thehistoryandliteratureofasecondlanguagerecordtherealandfictionallivesofpeopleandtheirculture;5aknowledgeofthemaddstoourabilitytounderstandandtofeelastheyfeel.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguageprovidesanothermeansofcommunicationthroughwhichthewindowoftheentireEnglishspeechcommunitybecomesapartofourheritage.
1Paragraph2TheDefinitionofaSpeechCommunity
2Paragraph3TheCompositionoftheEnglishCommunity
3Paragraph4TheWideUseofEnglish
4Paragraph5TheAdvantagesofLearningaSecondLanguage
5.Onlythroughthesharedlanguagecanaspeechcommunitybeformed
6Theideaofthenationalboundariesisoftendifferentfromthatofaspeechcommunity7Speakersareclassifiedintotwogroupsforthesakeofsimplicity
8.AnunderstandingofEnglishhasplayedanimportantroleinthefieldofeducation
第四篇Alaska
1In1858AmericanswelcomedAlaskaintotheUnionasthe49thstate，symbolizingachangeofattitudethatholdin1867，whenthepeninsulawaspurchasedfromRussia.Then，mostAmericanshadlittleinterestin1，500，000squarekilometers―oficebergsandpolarbear‖-beyondCanadaswesternborders，farfromthesettledareasoftheUnitedStates.
2InthosesectionsofthestatewhichlieabovetheArcticCircle，Alaskastillisalandoficebergsandpolarbear.Iceburiedintheearth，whichispermanentlyfrozentoadepthof90ormoremeters，FromearlyMayuntilearlyAugust，themidnightsunneversetsonthisflat，treeleregion，butthesuncannotmelttheicysoilmorethantwo-thirdsofameterdown.
3AlaskaisAmericaslargeststate，butonlyabout325，000peoplelivethere.Accordingtoestimates，800，000hectaresofitslandareaarefitforplowingbutonlyabout640，000hectaresarebeingcultivated.
4ArcticAlaskahasbeenthehomeofEskimosforcountlecenturies.ItisbelievedthattheEskimosmovedtherefromMongoliaorSiberia，probablycrossingBeringStrait，namedforVitusBering，theDanishseacaptainwhodiscoveredAlaskaonhisvoyageforRussiain1741.TheEskimosarethestatesearliestknowninhabitants.Russianfurtradersestablishedsettlementsbut，bythetimeAlaskawassoldtotheUnitedStates，mostofthetradershaddeparted.
5In1896goldwasdiscoveredneartheKlondikeRiverinCanadajustacrotheAlaskanborder.ThousandofAmericansrushedtotheregionontheirwaytoKlondike；someneverreturned.Alaskawasnevercompletelycutoffagain，althougheventodaytransportationisamajorproblem.ThereareonlytwomotorroutesfromtheU.Smainland，andwithinthestate，
everytownhasitsownairfield.Planesflypassengers，mailandfreighttothemostdistantvillages.
6ThegoldthatchangedlifesosuddenlyforAlaskawassoonended，andalthoughmanystoriesaboutminingcampshavebecomepartofAmericanliterature，thegoldfromAlaskanearthcontributedletoeconomicprogrethanthefishfromAlaskawaters.Thefishcaughtinasingleyearrangeinvaluefrom$80millionto$90million.Fur-bearinganimalsareplentifulintheforestsandstreams，andvaluablefursealsinhabitthewaters.Afterfishing，thestateschiefindustryislumberandtheproductionofwoodpulp.Inrecentyears，Alaskassinglemostimportantresourcehasbecomeoil.Thestatealsohaslargedepositsofcoal，copper，goldandotherminerals.
1.Paragraph3Landandpopulation
2.Paragraph4Thenativesoftheland
3.Paragraph5Transportationproblem
4.Paragraph6Richresourcesofthestate
5.Foraslongasthreemonthsofayear，thesunshinesdayandnightontheice-coveredlandofAlaska.
6.Accordingtostatistics，onlyaverysmallpercentageofthetotalareaofAlaskahasbeenusedforfarming.
7.AlaskawasoriginallypartofRussia，butwasboughtbytheUnitedStatesinthe19thcentury
8.GolddidnotbringtoAlaskaasmuchwealthasfishdoes
第五篇USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty
1TheUnitedStateshastakenthefirststeptowardapprovingaglobaltobaccotreatythatpromisestohelpcontrolthedeadlyeffectsoftobaccousethroughouttheworld.HealthandHumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsonsignedtheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl(FCTC)thisweekattheUnitedNations.TheSenatemuststillapprovethetreatybeforetheUScanimplementitsprovisions.
2TheFCTCwasdevelopedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationandapprovedbymembersoftheWorldHealthAssembly，includingtheUnitedStates， http://www.oh100.com untriesthatratifyitwouldberequiredtoenactstricttobaccocontrolpolicies.
3Forinstance,cigarettessoldinthosecountrieswouldhavetohavehealthwarningsonatleast30%ofthefrontandbackofeverypack.Thetreatycallsforhighertobaccotaxes,restrictionsonsmokinginpublicplaces,andmorepromotionoftobaccopreventionandcessationprograms.Italsorequiresbansontobaccoadvertising,thoughtherearesomeexceptionsforcountriesliketheUnitedStates,wheretheConstitutionprohibitssuchanoutrightban.
http://www.oh100.com heUSalone,about440,000peopledieeachyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses;aboutone-thirdofallcancersintheUSarecausedbytobaccouse.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,WHOestimates,by2025tobaccowillkill10
millionpeopleeachyear.
5Thetreatymustberatifiedbyatleast40countriesbeforeitcantakeeffect.Sofar，109countrieshavesignedit,and12haveratifiedit.
1.Paragraph2USSigningoftheFCTC
2.Paragraph3HowtheFCTCCameintoBeing
3.Paragraph4WhattheFCTCDemands
4.Paragraph5WhattheFCTCWillBringabout
5.SigningtheFCTCisonlythefirststeptowardapprovingit
http://www.oh100.com untriesthatratifytheFCTCwillhaveto,amongotherthings,restrictsmokinginpublicplaces
7.ItishopedthattheFCTCwillgreatlyhelptoreducedeathscausedbytobaccouse
8.MuchmorecountrieshavesignedtheFCTCthanthosethathaveratifiedit
第六篇HowWeFormFirstImpression
1Weallhavefirstimpressionofsomeonewejustmet.Butwhy?Whydoweformanopinionaboutsomeonewithoutreallyknowinganythingabouthimorher—asideperhapsfromafewremarksorreadilyobservabletraits.
2Theanswerisrelatedtohowyourbrain,allowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.Yourbrainissosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits,evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson‘seyes,ears,nose,ormouthareplacedinrelationtoeachothermakesyouseehimorherasdifferent1.Infact,yourbraincontinuouslyprocessesincomingsensoryinformation—thesightsandsoundsofyourworld.Theseincoming―signals‖arecomparedagainst2ahostof―memories‖storedinthebrainareascalledthecortexsystemtodeterminewhatthesenewsignals―mean.‖
3Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool3,yourbrainsays―familiarandsafe.Ifyouseesomeonenew,itsays,―new—potentiallythreatening.‖Thenyourbrainstartstomatchfeaturesofthisstrangerwithother―known‖memories；Theheight,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,andtoneofvoiceareallmatchedup.Themoreunfamiliarthecharacteristics,themoreyourbrainmaysay,―Thisisnew.Idon‘tlikethisperson.‖Orelse,―I‘mintrigued.―Oryourbrainmayperceiveanewfacebutfamiliarclothes,ethnicity,gestures—likeyourotherfriends；soyourbrainsays:―Ilikethisperson.‖Butthesepreliminary―impressions‖canbedeadwrong4.
4Whenwestereotypepeople,weusealematureformofthinking（notunliketheimmaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild）thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.Ratherthanleamaboutthedepthandbreadthofpeople—theirhistory,interest,values,strengths,andtruecharacter—wecategorizethemasjocks,geeks,orfreaks.
5However,ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions,wehaveachancetobeawareofwhatapersonistrulylike.Ifwespendtimewithaperson,hearabouthisorherlife,hopes,dreams,andbecomeawareoftheperson‘scharacter,weuseadifferent,morematurestyleofthinking—andthemostcomplexareasofourcortex,whichallowustobehumane.
1．Paragraph2ComparingIncomingSensoryInformationagainstMemories
2．Paragraph3IllustrationofFirstImpression
3．Paragraph4CommentonFirstImpression
4．Paragraph5WaysofDeparturefromImmatureandSimplisticImpressions
5．Sensoryinformationisonethatisperceivedthroughthesightsandsoundsoftheworld
6．Youinterpretbycomparingitagainstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrainthemeaningofincomingsensoryinformation
7．Thewaywestereotypepeopleisalematureformofthinking,whichissimilartotheimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild
8．Wecanuseourmorematurestyleofthinkingthankstothemostcomplexareasofourcortex第七篇HowtoArguewithYourBoss
1Beforeyouarguewithyourboss,checkwiththeboss'ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfast1,itisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss'ssecretary,therearekeystotiming2:don'tapproachthebowhenhe'sondeadline3;don'tgoinrightbeforelunch,whenheisapttobedistractedandrushed4;don'tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastakenavacation.
2Ifyou'remad,thatwillonlymakeyourbomad.Calmdownfirst.Anddon'tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration5.Thebowillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopeletryingtochangeyourmind.Then,maybehewilldismiyou.
3Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacroclearlyinordertomakethebounderstandit6.
4Yourbohasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore7.Ifyoucan'tputforwardanimmnediatesolution,atleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblem.Peoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan'tgetpastthesecretary8.
5Todealeffectivelywithaboss,it'simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertotheboss,thenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals9.
1.Paragraph2Don'tGoinWhenYouAreAngry
2.Paragraph3MaketheIssueClear
3.Paragraph4ProposeYourSolution
4.Paragraph5PutYourselfintheBoss'sPosition
5.Ifyouwanttoasktheboforanything,itisimportanttofindoutfirsthowheisfeeling
6.Itisnecessarytomakecleartothebowhatyoureallywanttotalktohimabout
7.Itisnotwisetopresentthebowithaproblemwithoutsuggestipg.awaytosolveitthebomayhave
8.Youmustbeconsilerateandthinkofthetroulesthebomayhave
第八篇ScreenTest
1.EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenough,thediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoa,surveypublishedlastyear,21countrieshavescreeningprogrammes.Nineofthem,includingAustralia,Canada,theUSandSpain,screenwomenunder50.
2.Butthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversial,partlybecausetheradiationbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.Also,youngerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.
3.ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversity1ofValenciaanalysedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160,000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen‘scumulativedoseofradiation,theyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.
4.ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain‘sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoard(NRPB)predictedthatthescreeningprogrammewouldcause36cancersper100,000women,18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.
5.Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersis―notverysignificant‖comparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogramme,theysay,detectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100,000womenscreened.
6.Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45,becausetheywouldbeexposedtoleradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudy,theysuggest,couldhelp―optimisethetechnique‖forbreastcancerscreening.
7.―Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisks,‖admitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPB.Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.―Onthebasisofthecurrentdata,forevery10cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That‘swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimisedinanyscreeningprogramme.‖
1.Paragraph2HarmScreeningMayDotoaYoungerWoman
2.Paragraph3InvestigatingtheEffectofScreening
3.Paragraph4EffectsPredictedbyTwoDifferentModels
4.Paragraph5SmallRiskofInducingCancersfromRadiation
5.Earlydiscoveryofbreastcancermaysavealife
6.Advantagesofscreeningwomenunder50arestillopentodebate
http://www.oh100.com layingtheageatwhichscreeningstartsmayreducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancer
8.Radiationexposureshouldbereducedtotheminimum
第九篇TransportandTrade
1Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromplaceswheretheyareplentifultoplaceswheretheyarescarce，transportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumer，thebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailways，nogoodroads，nocanals，andonlysmallsailingships，tradewasonasmallscale.
2Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswereaccompaniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealand，forinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusiness，drawingsuppliesfrom，andsellinggoodsto，allpartsoftheglobe.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlecustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlefoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.
3Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.Transporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveonwhatisproducedlocally.Foodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtainedonlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.
4Bymovingfuel，rawmaterials，andevenpower，as，forexample，throughelectriccables，transporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransportbecomes， http://www.oh100.com untrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofliving.
5Commercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunication，liketelephones，cablesandradio，sendinformationaboutprices，supplies， http://www.oh100.com hisway，advancedcommunicationsystemsalsohelptodeveloptrade.
1.Paragraph2Importanceoftransportintrade
2.Paragraph3Higherlivingstandard
3.Paragraph4Birthoftransport-relatedindustriesandtrade
4.Paragraph5Roleofinformationintrade
5.Thedevelopmentofmodernmeansoftransporthasgreatlypromotedtrade
6.Onlywhengoodscanbecarriedtoallpartsoftheworldquicklyisitpossibletoproduceonalargescale
7.Transporthasmadeitpossibleforpeopletoeatwhateverfoodtheywantatanytimeduringtheyear
http://www.oh100.com hetradeofmodernsocietythetransmissionofinformationplaysasimportantaroleasthetransportofgoods
第十篇WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage
1Ananimalthatinfluencedscientificthoughthasdied.AchimpanzeenamedWashoeandborninAfricadiedofnaturalcauseslatelastmonthattheageof42ataresearchcenterintheAmericanstateofWashington.Wash0ehadbecomeknowninthescientificcommunity1andaroundtheworldforherabilitytouseAmericanSignLanguage2.Shewassaidtobethefirstnon-humantolearnahumanlanguage.Herskillsalsoledtodebate3aboutprimatesandtheirabilitytounderstandlanguage.
2ResearchscientistsAllenandBeatrixGardnerbeganteachingWashoesignlanguagein1966.In1969,theGardners7describedWashoe'sprogreinascientificreport.ThepeoplewhoexperimentedwithWashoesaidshegrewtounderstand4about250words.Forexample,Washoemadesignstocommunicatewhenitwastimetoeat.Shecouldrequestfoodslikeapplesandbananas.Shealsoaskedquestionslike,"Whoiscomingtoplay?"Once5thenewsaboutWashoespread,manylanguagescientistsbeganstudiesoftheirown6intothisnewandexcitingareaofresearch.Thewholedirectionofprimateresearchchanged.
3However,criticsarguedWashoeonlylearnedtorepeatsignlanguagemovementsfromwatchingherteachers.Theysaidshehadneverdevelopedtruelanguageskills.Evennow,therearesomeresearcherswhosuggestthatprimateslearnsignlanguageonlybymemory,andperformthesignsonlyforprizes.YetWashoe'skeepersdisagree.RogerFoutsisaformerstudentoftheGardners7.HetookWashoetoaresearchcenterinEllensburg,Washington.There,Washoetaughtsignlanguagetothreeyoungerchimpanzees,whicharestillalive.
4ScientistslikeprivateresearcherJaneGoodallbelievesWashoeprovidednewinformationaboutthementalworkingsofchimpanzees8.Today,therearenotasmanyscientistsstudyinglanguageskillswithchimps.Partofthereasonisthatthiskindofresearchtakesaverylongtime.
5Debatecontinuesaboutchimps'understandingofhumancommunication.Yet,onethingissure--Washoechangedpopularideasaboutthepossibilitiesofanimalintelligence.
1.Paragraph1GeneralInformationaboutWashoe
2.Paragraph2ReportaboutWashoe'sProgreinLearningSignLanguage
3.Paragraph3DebateonChimps'Intelligence
4.Paragraph4ReasonWhyNotManyScientistsCarryoutThisResearchNowadays
5.Washoecouldmakesignstocommunicatewhenshewantedtoeat
6.SomescientistsdoubtediftheGardeners'argumentwassound
7.Washoetaughtthreeyoungerchimpssignlanguagewhileshewasataresearchcenterin
Ellensburg
8.TheexperimentersthoughtWashoewasintelligentbecauseshecouldusesignlanguagetoask
forfruits
第十一篇IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain'sEconomyGrowing
http://www.oh100.com oday'sknowledgeeconomy,nationssurviveonthethingstheydobest.JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermensexportengineeringtechniques.TheFrenchservethebestfoodandAmericansmakecomputers.
2.Britainspecializesinthegiftoftalking.Thenationdoesn'tmanufacturemuchofanything.Butithaslawyers,stylistsandbusineconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalk,talkandmoretalk.TheWorldFoundationthinktank1saystheUK'sfouriconicjobstodayarenotscientists,engineers,teachersandnurses.Instead,they'rehairdressers,celebrities,managementconsultantsandmanagers.ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoing?TheBritishgovernmentthinksitcan.
3.Althoughthecountry'stradedeficitwasmorethan￡60billionin2006,UK'slargestinthepostwarperiod,officialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout.Infact,Britaindoeshaveaworld-clapharmaceuticalindustry,anditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad.Italsotradesservices—accountancy,insurance,bankingandadvertising.ThegovernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedge2oftheknowledgeeconomy.Afterall,thecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasaliterarytraditionofwhichtobeproud.Rock―n‖roll3isanEnglishlanguagemedium,andtherearebillionstobemadebytheircutting-edgebands.Inotherwords,thecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritisheconomy.
4.However,creativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK'sexportsofgoodsandservices.Theindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofit,accordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScience,TechnologyandtheArts4.Thereportshowsonly38percentofBritishcompanieswereengagedin"innovationactivities",3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowGermany(61percent)andSweden(47percent).
5.Infact,itmightbebettertocallBritaina"servant"economy—thereareatleast4millionpeople"inservice".Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocook,clean,andtakecareoftheirchildren.Manygraduatesareevendoingmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree.Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeen,andwillcontinuetobe,atthelow-skillendoftheservicesector—inshops,bars,hotels,domesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes.
1.Paragraph2GiftofTalking
2.Paragraph3StrengthoftheCreativeEconomy
3.Paragraph4WeakneoftheCreativeEconomy
4.Paragraph5―Servant‖Economy
5.Everycountryhasitsownwaytofeeditspeople
6.TheBritishgovernmentdoesn‘tseemtoworryabouttheBritisheconomy
7.Thecreativeindustriesfinditdifficulttomakeaprofit
8.Manygraduatesareemployedtodolow-skilljobs
第十二篇Intelligence:aChangedView
http://www.oh100.com elligencewasbelievedtobeafixedentity,somefacultyofthemindthatweallposseandwhichdeterminesinsomewaytheextentofourachievements.Itsvaluetherefore,wasasapredictorofchildren'sfuturelearning.Iftheydifferedmarkedlyintheirabilitytolearncomplextasks, http://www.oh100.com elligencetestscouldbeusedforstreamingchildrenaccordingtoabilityatanearlyage;andat11thesetestsweresuperiortomeasuresofattainmentforselectingchildrenfordifferenttypesofsecondaryeducation.
2.Today, http://www.oh100.com helastfewyears,researchhasthrowndoubtontheviewthatinnateintelligencecaneverbemeasuredandontheverynatureofintelligenceitself1.Thereisconsiderableevidencenowwhichshowsthegreatinfluenceofenvironmentbothonachievementandintelligence.Childrenwithpoorhomebackgroundsnotonlydolewellintheirschoolworkandintelligencetestsbuttheirperformancetendstodeteriorategraduallycomparedwiththatoftheirmorefortunateclassmates.
3.Thereareevidencesthatsupporttheviewthatwehavetodistinguishbetweengeneticintelligenceandobservedintelligence.2Anydeficiencyintheappropriategeneswillrestrictdevelopmentnomatterhowstimulatingtheenvironment.Wecannotobserveandmeasureinnateintelligence,whereaswecanobserveandmeasuretheeffectsoftheinteractionofwhateverisinheritedwithwhateverstimulationhasbeenreceivedfromtheenvironment.3Researcheshavebeeninvestigatingwhathappensinthisinteraction.
http://www.oh100.com omajorfindingshaveemergedfromtheseresearches.Firstly,thegreaterpartofthedevelopmentofobservedintelligenceoccursintheearliestyearsoflife.Itisestimatedthat50percentofmeasurableintelligenceatage17isalreadypredictablebytheageoffour.Secondly,themostimportantfactorsintheenvironmentarelanguageandpsychologicalaspectsoftheparent-childrelationship.Muchofthedifferenceinmeasuredintelligencebetween"privileged"and"disadvantaged"children4maybeduetothelatter'slackofappropriateverbalstimulationandthepovertyoftheirperceptualexperiences.5
5.Theseresearchfindingshaveledtoarevisioninourunderstandingofthenatureofintelligence.Insteadofitbeingsomelargelyinheritedfixedpowerofthemind,wenowseeitasasetofdevelopedskillswithwhichapersoncopeswithanyenvironment.Theseskillshavetobelearnedand,indeed,oneofthemislearninghowtolearn.
6.Themodernideasconcerningthenatureofintelligenceareboundtohavesomeeffectonourschoolsystem.Inonerespectachangeisalreadyoccurring.Withthemovetowardcomprehensiveeducationandthedevelopmentofunstrainedclasses6,fewerchildrenwillbegiventhelabel"lowIQ''whichmustinevitablycondemnachildinhisown,ifnotsociety'seyes.Theideathatwecanteachchildrentobeintelligentinthesamewaythatwecanteachthem
readingorarithmeticisacceptedbymoreandmorepeople.
1.Paragraph2EffectofEnvironmentonIntelligence
2.Paragraph4MainResultsofRecentResearches
3.Paragraph5AChangedViewofIntelligence
4.Paragraph6ImpactonSchoolEducation
5.Itwasoncebelievedthatintelligencewassomethingababywasbornwith,andthuswecantellhowsuccessfulhe/shewillbeinthefutureaccordingtohis/herintelligence.
6.Morerecentresearcheshasshownthatintelligenceisonlypartlyinheritedandpartlyhastodowithachild'slivingenvironment
7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatachildwillhaveabetterchancetodevelophisintelligenceifhehasmoreopportunitiestocommunicatewithothersbymeansoflanguage.
8.Childrenwerenotjustborntobemoreintelligentorleintelligent,buttheycanbetaughttobemoreintelligentatschool.
第十三篇WardoffTravelBugs
1Astheholidayseasonapproaches,sodoestheprospectofjetlag,anupsetstomachorsunburn2.Withcareandsomehelpfromnaturalsources,however,itisquitepossibletoavoidtheseproblems.
2Youcanstarttoprepareacoupleofweeksbeforeyouleave.Foodpoisoningwillmakeanyholidaymiserable,butbytakingsomemedicinesuchaslactobacillusandbifidobacteria3,youcanreducethelikelihoodofsuccumbingto4poisoningbroughton5byfoodorwatertaintedwithunfamiliarbacteria.
3Byimprovingthebacteriabalanceinyourdigestivetract,youcrowdoutthepathogenicbacteriaandstopthemgainingafoothold.6Thebeneficialbacteriaalsoproducegentlebuteffectivenaturalantibioticsinyourgut.
4Inmanyholidaylocationsyouneedtorememberthebasics:drinkbottledwater,avoidundercookedmeatandensurethatfoodhygieneisadequate.Ifyoudosuccumbtofoodpoisoning,drinkplentyofwatertostayhydratedandseeadoctor.However，ifyoudetectdiarrheaearlyenough,youmightliketotrytakingabout10or15pancreaticdigestiveenzymes,whichcandigestthemultiplyingbacteriabeforetheytakeover.
5Takingateaspoonofsilicolgel7canalsohelp.Thislinesthestomachandupperintestinalareaandbindswithbacteriaandviruses，allowingthemtobesafelypassedoutofthegut.Whenyoupack,includegrapefruit-seedextract8,whichisanexcellentall-roundanti-bacterial,anti-parasitic，anti-viralandanti-fungalagent.
6Yourflightcanalsobemademorepleasant.Peppermintoilandgingercapsules9wardoffmotionsickness，butamoredeliciousoptionistonibbleoncrystallizedginger.Ifyoutendtogetearacheontake-offandlanding，youcanusespecialearplugswithfillerthatslowsdowntherateofchangeinairpressure.
7Thegreatestconcernis―economyclasyndrome‖,thepopularnamefordeep-veinthrombosis,whichcanleadtobloodclotstravelingfromthelegstothelungs,heartorbrain.Toreducethis,youneedacoupleofhourstostayhydrated,andavoidalcohol.
8YoucanalsoreducetheseverityofinflammationbytakingadailygramofvitaminCwiththebioflavonoidquercetin10.VitaminCandquercetinalsohelptoreducepricklyheat.
9Finally,ifanyadversesymptomspersistwhileoverseas,youshouldseeadoctor.
1．Paragraph1AvoidingHolidayTroubles
2．Paragraph4BasicsofWhattoEatandDrink
3．Paragraph5MedicineAgainstBacteriaandViruses
4．Paragraph6BasicsofHavingaPleasantFlight
5．Food-poisoningmayposeaproblemwhenyouaretravelling
6．Specialearplugscanmakeyoufeelbetterwhenyourplaneisabouttoland
7．Itisimportanttodrinkalotofwaterwhenyousufferfromfood-poisoning
8．Don‘tforgettobringnecessarymedicinewhenyouarepackingforyourtour
第十四篇HeartbeatofAmerica
1.NewYork—theStatueofLiberty（自由女神）,theskyscrapers,thebeautifulshopsonFifthAvenue（第五大街）andthemanytheatersonBroadway（百老汇）.ThisisAmerica'sculturalcapital.Itisalsoherbiggestcity,withapopulation（人口居民） http://www.oh100.com hesummeritishot,hot,hotandinthewinteritcanbeverycold.Stilltherearehundredsofthingstodoandseealltheyearround.
2.Manhattan（曼哈顿）istherealcenterofthecity.Whenpeoplesay―NewYorkCity,‖theyusuallymeanManhattan.Mostoftheinterestingshops,buildingsandmuseums（博物馆）arehere.Inaddition,ManhattanisthesceneofNewYork‘sbusynightlife.In1605thefirstEuropeanscametoManhattanfromHolland（荷兰）.TheyboughttheislandfromtheNativeAmericansforafewglanecklacesworthabout$26today.
3.WallStreet（华尔街）inManhattanisthefinancial（金融的）heartoftheUSA.Itisalsothemostimportantbankingcenterintheworld.Itisastreetof―skyscrapers.‖Thesearethoseincredible（难以置信的）,highbuildings,whichAmericansinvented,andbuiltfasterandhigherthananyoneelse.Perhapsthetwomostspectacular（壮观）skyscrapersinNewYorkarethetwotowersoftheNewYorkWorldTradeCenter.Whenthesunsets,their110floorsshinelikepuregold.
4.Likeeverybigcity,NewYorkhasitsowntraffic（交通）system.Trafficjamscanbeterrible.It'susuallyquickesttogobysubway(地铁).TheNewYorksubwayiseasytouseandquitecheap.ThesubwaygoestoalmosteverycornerofManhattan.Butitisnotsafetotakethesubwaylateanightbecauseinsomeplacesyoucouldgetrobbed（抢劫）.NewYorkbusesarealsoeasytouse.Youseemoreifyougobybus.Therearemorethan30,000taxisinNewYork.They
areeasytosee,becausetheyarebrightyellowandcarrylargeTAXIsigns.Taxisdonotgooutsidethecity.However,theywillgototheairports.Inadditiontothetaxifare,peoplegivethetaxidriveratipof15percentofthefare'svalue.
5.CentralParkisabeautifulgreenoasis（绿洲）inthemiddleofNewYork‘sconcrete（水泥）desert.Itissurprisinglybig,withlakesandwoods,aswellasorganizedrecreationareas.NewYorkersloveCentralPark, http://www.oh100.com hewinter,theygoice-skating,andinthesummerroller-skating.Theyplayball,ridehorsesandhavepicnics（野餐）.Theygobicyclingandboating.Thereisevenachildren'szoo,withwildbirdsandanimals.
6.AlongtheeastsideofCentralParkrunsFifthAvenue,oncecalled―Millionaire'sRow.（百万富翁之街）‖Inthe19thcentury,therichestmeninAmericabuilttheirmagnificenthomeshere.Itisstillthemostfashionablestreetinthecity,withfamousdepartmentstores.
7.BroadwayisthestreetwhereyouwillfindNewYork'sbest-knowntheaters.ButawayfromthebrightlightsandelegantclothesofBroadwayaremanysmallertheaters.Theirplaysancalled―off-Broad-way‖andareoftenmoreunusualthantheBroadwayshows.Aswellasmanytheaters,NewYorkhasafamousoperahouse.ThisistheMetropolitan,whereinternationalstarssingfromSeptemberuntilApril.CarnegieHallisthecity'smorepopularconcerthall.ButnightlifeinNewYorkoffersmorethanclassicalmusicandtheater.Therearehundredsofnightclubswherepeoplegotoeatanddance.
1.Paragraph3TheFinancialCenterofUSA
2.Paragraph4TheTrafficFacilitiesofNewYork
3.Paragraph5CentralPark—APlaceofRecreationfortheNewYorkers
4.Paragraph6ShoppingCenterfortheRich
5.TheislandofManhattanwasboughtbytheHollandersfromthenativeAmericansforwhatseemstobeaverysmallsumtoday
6.CentralParkisagoodplacewheretheNewYorkerscangoanddowhatevertheylikeforrelaxation.
7.FifthAvenueistheplacewherethewealthypeoplewouldgoshopping
8.Forthoseplay-loverswhoareinterestedinwhatisunusual,thesmalltheatersmightbemoreattractivethantheworldfamousBroadway
第十五篇SmokeGetsinYourMind
1.Lungcancer,hypertension,heartdisease,birthdefects—wearealltoofamiliarwiththedangersofsmoking.Butaddtothatlistafrighteningnewconcern.Mentalillness.Accordingtosomecontroversialnewfindings,ifsmokingdoesnotkillyou,itmay,quitelitter,driveyoutodespair。
2.Thetobaccoindustryopenlypushesitsproductassomethingtoliftyourmoodandsootheanxiety.Buttheshort-termfeel-goodeffectmaymaskthetruth:thatsmokingmayworsenoreventriggeranxietydisorders,panicattacksanddepression,perhapsevenschizophrenia.
3.Cigarettesandmentalillnehavealwaystendedtogotogether.Anestimated1.25billionpeoplesmokeworldwide.Yetpeoplewhoaredepressedoranxiousaretwiceaslikelytosmoke,andupto88percentofthosewithpsychoticdisorderssuchasschizophreniasmokers.ArecentAmericansurveyconcludedthataroundhalfofallcigarettesburninthefingersofthosewithmentalillness.
4.Butthebigquestioniswhy?Theusualstoryisthattheillnecomesfirst.Mentallyillpeopletakeupsmoking,orsmokemoretoalleviatesomeoftheirdistress.Evenwhensmokingseemstostartbeforetheillness,mostdoctorsbelievethatearlybutinvisiblesymptomsofthedisordersparkthedesiretolightup.Butperhapssomethingmoresinisterisgoingon.
5.Agrowingnumberofresearchersclaimthatsmokingisthecause,nottheconsequenceofclinicaldepressionandseveralformsofanxiety.―Weknowalotabouttheeffectsofsmokingonphysicalhealth,andnowwearealsostartingtoseetheadverseeffectsinnewresearchonmentalillness,‖saysNaomiBreslau,directorofresearchattheHenryFordHealthCareSysteminDetroit.
6.Breslauwasoneofthefirsttoconsiderthishereticalpossibility.Thehintcamefromstudies,publishedin1998,whichfollowedagroupofjustover1,000youngadultsforafive-yearperiod.The13percentwhobeganthestudywithmajordepressionwerearoundthreetimesmorelikelytoprogrefrombeinglightsmokerstodailysmokersduringthecourseofthestudy,thoughtherewasnoevidencethatdepressionincreasedthetendencytotakeupsmoking.Butahistoryofdailysmokingbeforethestudycommencedroughlydoubledtheriskofdevelopingmajordepressionduringthefive-yearperiodSmoking,itseems,couldpre-dateillness.
7.AtfirstBreslauconcludedthatwhateverpromptspeopletosmokemightalsomakethemdepressed.Butastheresultsofothermuchlargerstudiesbegantobackthestatisticallink,shebecamemoreconvincedthaneverthatwhatshewasseeingweresignsthatsmoking,perhapsthenicotineitself,couldsomehowaffectthebrainandcausedepression.
8.OneoftheselargerstudieswasledbyGoodman,apediatrician.Shefollowedthehealthoftwogroupsofteenagersforayear.thefirstgroupof8,704adolescentswerenotdepressed,andmightormightnothavebeensmokers,whilethesecondgroupof6,947werehighlydepressedandhadnotbeensmokersinthepastmonth.Afterayearherteamfoundthatalthoughdepressedteenagersweremorelikelytohavebecomeheavysmokers,previousexperimentationwithsmokingwasthestrongestpredictorofsuchbehaviour,notthedepressionitself.Whatismoreimportantisthatteenagerswhostartedoutmentallyfitbutsmokedatleastonepacketperweekduringthestudywerefourtimesmorelikelytodevelopdepressionthantheirnon-smokingpeers.Goodmansaysthatdepressiondoesnotseemtostartbeforecigaretteuseamongteens.―Currentcigaretteuseishowever,apowerfuldeterminantofdevelopinghighdepressivesymptoms（症状）.‖
9.Breslau,too,findsthatsmokersareasmuchasfourtimesmorelikelytohaveanisolatedpanicattackandthreetimesmorelikelytodeveloplonger-termpanicdisorderthannon-smokers.It‘sahardmessagetogetacross,becausemanysmokerssaytheybecomeanxiouswhentheyquit,notwhentheysmoke.ButBreslausaysthatthisisashort-livedeffectofwithdrawalwhichmaskstherealitythat,ingeneral,smokershavehigheranxietylevelsthannon-smokersorex-smokers.
1.Paragraph3CloseAssociationBetweenDepressionandSmoking
2.Paragraph4DoubtabouttheUsualBelief
3.Paragraph6EffectofSmokingonmentalHealthInitiallyProved
4.Paragraph8Breslau‘sConclusionSupportedbyAnotherLargerStudy
5.Nowadaysmanydoctorshavebecomeawarethatsmokingisnotonlyahazardtopeople‘sphysicalhealthbuttotheirmentalhealthaswell
6.Thecigaretteadswhichclaimthatsmokingcanhelpsootheanxietyhavebeenprovedtobemisleading
7.Breslau‘sstudyinvolvedfewerpeoplethanGoodman‘sbutlastedlonger.
8.TocontradictBreslau‘sconclusion,manysmokerssaythattheyareleanxiouswhentheysmokebuttheirlevelofanxietyincreaseswhentheyquitesmoking
2016职称英语b类概括大意与完成句子
第一篇FordAbandonsElectricVehicles福特放弃电动汽车TheFordmotorcompany's1abandonmentofelectriccarseffectivelysignalstheendoftheroadforthetechnology,analystssay.GeneralMotors2andHonda3ceasedproductionofbattery-poweredcarsin1999，tofocusonfuelcell4andhybridelectricgasolineengines5，whicharemoreattractivetotheconsumer.Fordhasnowannounceditwilldothesame.Threeyearsago，thecompanyintroducedtheThinkCitytwo-seatercarandagolfcartcalledtheTHINK,orThinkNeighbor6.Ithopedtosell5,000carseachyearand10,000carts.Butalackofdemandmeansonlyabout1,000ofthecarshavebeenproduced,andlethan1，700cartshavebeensoldsofarin2002."Thebottomlineis7wedon'tbelievethatthisisthefutureofenvironmenttransportforthemamarket,"TimHolmesofFordEuropesaidonFriday."Wefeelwehavegivenelectricourbestshot8.”TheThinkCityhasarangeofonlyabout53milesanduptoasix-hourbatteryrechargetime.GeneralMotors'EVIelectricvehiclealsohadalimitedrange,ofabout100miles.Theveryexpensivebatteriesalsomeanelectriccarscostmuchmorethanpetrol-poweredalternatives.AnelectricToyota9RAV4EVvehiclecostsover$42,000intheUS,comparedwithjust$17,000forthepetrolversion.ToyotaandNissan10arenowtheonlymajorautomanufacturerstoproduceelectricvehicles."Thereisafeelingthatbatteryelectrichasbeengivenitschance.Fordnowhastomoveonwithitshybridprogram11,andthatiswhatwewillbejudgingthemon,”RogerHigman，aseniortransportcampaigneratUKFriendsoftheEarth,toldtheEnvironmentNewsService.HybridcarsintroducedbyToyotaandHondainthepastfewyearshavesoldwell.Hybridenginesoffergreatermileagethanpetrol-onlyengines,andthebatteriesrechargethemselves.Fordsaysitthinkssuchvehicleswillhelpitmeetplannednewguidelines12onvehicleemissions13intheUS.However,itisnotyetclearexactlywhatthoseguidelineswillpermit.InJune,GeneralMotorsandDaimlerChrysler14wonacourtinjunction,delayingbytwoyearsCalifornianlegislationrequiringcar-makerstooffer100,000zero-emissionandotherlow-emissionvehiclesinthestateby2003.Carmanufacturershopethelegislationwillberewrittentoallowformorelow-emission,ratherthanzero-emission,vehicles.第二篇WorldCrudeOilProductionMayPeak世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值DecadeEarlierThanSomePredictInafindingthatmayspeedeffortstoconserveoil，scientistsinKuwaitpredictthatworldconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2016.Thispredictionisalmostadecadeearlierthansomeotherpredictions.TheirstudyisinACS'Energy&Fuels1.IbrahimNashawiandcolleaguespointoutthatrapidgrowthinglobaloilconsumptionhassparkedagrowinginterestinpredicting"peakoil".“Peakoil”isthepointwhereoilproductionreachesamaximumandthendeclines.Scientistshavedevelopedseveralmodelstoforecastthispoint,andsomeputthedateat2020orlater.OneofthemostfamousforecastmodelsiscalledtheHubbertmodel2.Itassumesthatglobaloilproductionwillfollowabellshapedcurve3.Arelatedconceptisthat4of"PeakOil.”Theterm“PeakOil”indicatesthemomentinwhichworldwideproductionwillpeak,afterwardstostartonirreversibledecline.TheHubbertmodelaccuratelypredictedthatoilproductionwouldpeakintheUnitedStatesin1970.Themodelhassincegainedinpopularityandhasbeenusedtoforecastoilproductionworldwide.However,recentstudiesshowthatthemodelisinsufficienttoaccountfor5morecomplexoilproductioncyclesofsomecountries.Thosecyclescanbeheavilyinfluencedbytechnologychanges,politics,andotherfactors, http://www.oh100.com ingthenewmodel，thescientistsevaluatedtheoilproductiontrendsof47majoroil-producingcountries5whichsupplymostoftheworld'sconventionalcrudeoil6.Theyestimatedthatworldwideconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2016,yearsearlierthananticipated.Thescientistsalsoshowedthattheworld'soilreserves7arebeingreducedatarateof2.1percentayear.Thenewmodelcouldhelpinformenergy-relateddecisionsandpublicpolicydebate，theysuggest.第三篇CitizenScientists公民科学家Understandinghownaturerespondstoclimatechangewillrequiremonitoringkeylifecycle1events一flowering,theappearanceofleaves,thefirstfrogcallsofthespring—allaroundtheworld.Butecologistscan'tbeeverywheresothey'returningtonon-scientists,sometimescalledcitizenscientists,forhelp.Climatescientistsarenotpresenteverywhere.Becausetherearesomanyplacesintheworldandnotenoughscientiststoobserveallofthem,they'reaskingforyourhelpinobservingsignsofclimatechangeacrotheworld.Thecitizenscientistmovementencouragesordinarypeopletoobserveaveryspecificresearchinterest—birds,trees,flowersbudding,etc.—andsendtheirobservationstoagiantdatabasetobeobservedbyprofessionalscientists.Thishelpsasmallnumberofscientiststrackalargeamountofdatathattheywouldneverbeabletogatherontheirown.Muchlikecitizenjournalistshelpinglargepublicationscoverahyper-localbeat2，citizenscientistsarereadyfortheconditionswheretheylive.Allthat'sneededtobecomeoneisafewminuteseachdayoreachweektogatherdataandsendit3in.AgroupofscientistsandeducatorslaunchedanorganizationlastyearcalledtheNationalPhenology4Network."Phenology"iswhatscientistscallthestudyofthetimingofeventsinnature.Oneofthegroup'sfirsteffortsreliesonscientistsandnon-scientistsaliketocollectdataaboutplantfloweringandleafingeveryyear.Theprogram,calledProjectBudBurst,collectslifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplantsfromacrotheUnitedStates.Peopleparticipatingintheproject—whichisQpentoeveryone一recordtheirobservationsontheProjectBudBurstwebsite."Peopledon'thavetobeplantexperts-theyjusthavetolookaroundandseewhat'sintheirneighborhood,"saysJenniferSchwartz,aneducationconsultantwiththeproject."Aswecollectthisdata,we'llbeabletomakeanestimateofhowplantsandcommunities5ofplantsandanimalswillrespondastheclimatechanges.”第四篇MotoringTechnology汽车技术1.2millionroaddeathsworldwideoccureachyear,plusafurther50millioninjuries.Toreducecarcrashrate,muchresearchnowisfocusedonsafetyandnewfuels—thoughsomeelectricvehicleandbiofuel1researchaimsatgoingfaster.Travellingatspeedhasalwaysbeenrisky.Onecuttingedgearea2ofresearchinmotoringsafetyistheuseofdigitalin-carassistants3.Theycanensureyoudon'tmicrucialroadsignsorfallasleep.Theuseofartificialintelligencesoftwareallowstheseassistantstomonitoryourdrivingandmakessureyourphoneorradiodoesn'tdistractyouatavitalmoment.Mostcrashesresultfromhumanandnotmechanicalfaults.Somesafetydevelopmentsaimtoimproveyourvision.Radarcanspot4obstaclesinfog，whileothertechnology“seesthrough"high-sided5vehiclesblockingyourview6.
Andimprovementstoseatbelts,pedalcontrolsandtyresaremakingdrivingsmootherandsafer.Thecolourofacarhasbeenfoundtobelinkedwithsafety，ashave，lesurprisingly，sizeandshape7.Andalternativestofossil-fuel8basedpetrol，suchasplantoils，areahotareaofresearch.Fuelcells9basedonhydrogenburncleanly，andarethesubjectofaseriousresearcheffort.Butwhateverisinthefueltank,youdon'twantathiefinthedrivingseatandtherehavebeenmanyinnovations，someusingsatellitetrackingandremotecommunications10，tofightagainstcartheft.Thesecommunicationsystemscanalsocomeintoplay11ifyoucrash,automaticallycallingforhelp.Accidentscausemanytrafficjams，buttherearemoresubtleinterplaysbetweenvehiclesthatcancausejamsevenonaclearbutbusyroad.Suchjamscanbeanalysedusingstatisticaltools.Roboticdriverscouldbeprogrammedtomaketrafficflowsmoothlyandwillperhapsonedaybeeveryone'spersonalchauffeur,buttheirlatesteffortssuggestthatwon'tbesoon.第五篇Late-NightDrinking在深夜饮咖啡Coffeeloversbeware.Havingaquick“pick-me-up"cupofcoffee1lateinthedaywillplayhavocwith2yoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulant,caffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatonin,thebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep.Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4am,.beforefallingagain3."It'stheneurohormonethatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowake，”saysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSleepEpidemiologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody'slevelsofthissleephormone.LotanShiloandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlewellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecaf.Onaverage，subjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffee，comparedwith415minutesafterdecaf.Theyalsotookhalfanhourtodropoff4一twiceaslongasusual一 http://www.oh100.com hesecondphaseoftheexperiment,theresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurinesample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicine,theresearcherssuggest6thatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatdrivesmelatoninproduction.Becauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebody，Ohayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch.六MakingLightofSleep不要太在意睡眠Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclock,yourinternalclockrunsona24-hourcycle.Thiscycle,calledacircadianrhythm,helpscontrolwhenyouwake,whenyoueatandwhenyousleep.Somewherearoundpuberty,somethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforward,soadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit'stimeforbed,yourbodymaybepushingyoutostayupforseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater.Thisshiftisnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody'sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblems,too.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloudwhentheydon'tgetenoughsleep,saysMaryCarskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidence,RI.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn.Butjustlikeyouralarmclock,yourinternalclockcanbereset.Infact,itautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.How?Byusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes.Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryears,researchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizetheboButrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit'sdayornight.七SugarPowerforCellPhones用糖为手机发电Usingenzymescommonlyfoundinlivingcells,anewtypeoffuelcellproducessmallamountsofelectricityfromsugar.Ifthetechnologyisabletosucceedinmaproduction,youmaysomedayshareyoursweetdrinkswithyourcellphone.Infuelcells,chemicalreactionsgenerateelectricalcurrents.Theproceusuallyreliesonpreciousmetals,suchasplatinum.Inlivingcells,enzymesperformasimilarjob,breakingdownsugarstoobtainelectronsandproduceenergy.Whenresearcherspreviouslyusedenzymesinfuelcells,theyhadtroublekeepingthemactive,saysShelleyD．MinteerofStLouisUniversity.Whereasbiologicalcellscontinuallyproducefreshenzymes,there'snomechanisminfuelcellstoreplaceenzymesastheyquicklydegrade.MinteerandTamaraKlotzbach,alsoofStLouisUniversity,havenowdevelopedpolymersthatwraparoundanenzymeandpreserveitinamicroscopicpocket."Wetailorthesepocketstoprovidetheidealmicroenvironment"fortheenzyme, http://www.oh100.com henewfuelcell,tinypolymerbagsofenzymeareembeddedinamembranethatcoatsoneoftheelectrodes.Whenglucosefromasugaryliquidgetsintoapocket,theenzymeoxidizesit,releasingelectronsandprotons.Theelectronscrothemembraneandenterawirethroughwhichtheytraveltotheotherelectrode,wheretheyreactwithoxygenintheatmospheretoproducewater.Theflowofelectronsthroughthewireconstitutesanelectricalcurrentthatcangeneratepower.Sofar,thenewfuelcellsdon'tproducemuchpower,butthefactthattheyworkatallisexciting,saysPaulKenis,achemicalengineerattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign."Justgettingittowork,"Kenissays,"isamajoraccomplishment."Sugar-eatingfuelcellscouldbeanefficientwaytomakeelectricity.Sugariseasytofind.Andthenewfuelcellsthatrunonitarebiodegradable,sothetechnologywouldn'thurttheenvironment.Thescientistsarenowtryingtousedifferentenzymesthatwillgetmorepowerfromsugar.Theypredictthatpopularproductsmaybeusingthenewtechnologyinaslittleas3years.八EiffelIsanEyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔Some300metersup,neartheEiffelTower'swind-whippedsummittheworldcomestoscribble.Japanese,Brazilians,Americans--theygraffititheirnames,lovesandpoliticsonthecoldiron--transformingthemostFrenchofmonumentsintosymbolofaworldonthemove.WithParislaidoutinminiaturebelow,itseemsstrangethatvisitorswouldratherwastetimemarkingtheirpresencethanadmiringtheview.Butthegraffitialsoraisesaquestion:Why,nearly114yearsafteritwascompleted,anddecadesafteritceasedtobetheworld'stalleststructure,islaTourEiffelstillsopopular?Thereasonsareascomplexastheironworkthatgracesastructuresome90storieshigh.Butpartoftheansweris,nodoubt,itsagelessness.Regularlymaintained,itshouldneverrustaway.Graffitiisregularlypaintedover,butthetowerliveson."EiffelrepresentsParisandParisisFrance.Itisverysymbolic."saysHuguesRichard,a31-year-oldFrenchmanwhoholdstherecordforcyclinguptothetower'ssecondfloor--747stepsin19minutesand4seconds,withouttouchingthefloorwithhisfeet."It'sironlady,it
inspiresus．"hesays.Buttowhat?Afterall,thetowerdoesn'thaveapurpose.Itceasedtobetheworld'stallestin1930whentheChryslerBuildingwentupinNewYork.Yes,televisionandradiosignalsarebeamedfromthetop,andGustaveEiffel,afreneticbuilderwhodiedonDecember27,aged91,useditsheightforconductingresearchintoweather,aerodynamicsandradiocommunication.Butinessencethetowerinspiressimplybybeingthere--ablankcanvasforvisitorstomakeofitwhattheywill.Tothetechnicallyminded,it'sanengineeringtriumph.Forlovers,it'sromantic."Thetowerwilloutlastallofus,andbyalongway,"saysIsabelleEsnous,whosecompanymanagesEiffelTower.十YoungFemaleChimpsOutlearnTheirBrothers年轻雌猩猩学习优于她们的弟兄Youngfemalechimpsarefasterandbetterlearnersthanyoungmalechimps,suggestsanewstudy,echoinglearningdifferencesseeninhumangirlsandboys.Whileyoungmalechimpspatheirtinplaying,youngfemalechimpscarefullystudytheirmothers.Asaresult,theylearnhowtofishfortastytermitesnacksovertwoyearsbeforetheboys.ElizabethLonsdorf,nowatLincolnParkZooinChicago,US,andcolleaguesattheUniversityofMinnesota,SaintPaul,spentfouryearswatchinghowyoungchimpanzeesintheGombeNationalParkinTanzanialearned"culturalbehavior".Thesexdifferencesinlearningbehaviorwere"consistentandstrikinglyapparent",saystheteam.Theresearcherspointoutthatsimilardifferencesareseeninhumanchildrenwithregardtoskillssuchaswriting."Asex-basedlearningdifferencesmaythereforedatebackatleasttothelastcommonancestorofchimpanzeesandhumans,"theywriteinthejournalNature.Chimpsmakeflexibletoolsfromvegetationandtheninsertthemintotermitemounds,extractthemandthenmunchthetermitesclingingontothetook.TheresearchersusedVideocamerastorecordthisfeedingbehaviorandfoundthateachchimpmotherhadherowntechnique,suchashowsheusedtoolsofdifferentlengths.Analysisofthesixinfantswhoseageswereknownshowedthatgirlchimpswereanaverageof31monthsoldwhentheysucceededinfishingouttheirtermites,wheretheboychimpswereaged58monthsonaverage.Femaleswerealsomoreskillfulatgettingoutmoretermiteswitheverydip7andusedtechniquessimilartotheirmotherswhilemalesdidnot.Insteadofstudyingtheirmothers,theboychimpsspentasignificantlygreateramountofonefrolickingaroundthetermitemound.Behaviorssuchasplayingorswingingmighthelpthemaleinfantslaterinlifewhentypic.gzpinda.comeimportant,suggesttheresearchers.Lonsdorfaddsthattherearejusttwomainsourcesofanimalproteinforchimps--thetermitesorcolobusmonkeys."Maturemalesoftenhuntmonkeysuptrees,butfemalesarealmostalwayseitherpregnantorburdenedwithaclinginginfants．Thismakeshuntingdifficult."shesays,"Adultfemalesspendmoretimefishingfortermitesthanmales.”Sobecomingproficientattermitefishingcouldmeanadultfemaleseatbetter,"TheycanwatchtheiroffspringatthesameTime.Theyoungofbothsexesseemtopursueactivitiesrelatedtotheiradultsexrolesataveryyoungage.十一WhenOurEyesServeOurStomach我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口Oursensesaren'tjustdeliveringastrictviewofwhat'sgoingonintheworld;they'reaffectedbywhat'sgoingoninourheads.Anewstudyfindsthathungrypeopleseefood-relatedwordsmoreclearlythanpeoPsychologistshaveknownfordecadesthatwhat'sgoingoninsideourheadaffectsoursenses.Forexample,poorerchildrenthinkcoinsarclargerthantheyare,andhungrypeoplethinkpicturesoffoodarcbrighter.RemiRadelofUniversityofNiceSophia-Antipolis,France,wantedtoinvestigatehowthishappens.Docsithappenfightawayasthebrainreceivessignalsfromtheeyesoralittlelaterasthebrain'shigh-levelthinkingprocessesgetinvolved.Radelrecruited42studentswithanormalbodymaindex.Onthedayofhisorhertest,eachstudentwastoldtoarriveatthelabatnoonafterthreeorfourhoursofnoteating.Thentheyweretoldtherewasadelay.Someweretoldtocomebackin10minutes;othersweregivenanhourtogetlunchfirst.SohalfthestudentswerehungrywhentheydidtheexperimentandtheotherhalfhadjusteatenFortheexperiment,theparticipantlookedatacomputerscreen.Onebyone,80wordsflashedonthescreenforabout1/300thofasecondeach.Theyflashedatsosmallasizethatthestudentscouldonlyconsciouslyperceive.Aquarterofthewordswerefood-related.Aftereachword,eachpersonwasaskedhowbrightthewordwasandaskedtochoosewhichoftwowordsthey'dseenafood-relatedwordlikecakeoraneutralwordlikeboat.Eachwordappearedtoobrieflyfortheparticipanttoreallyreadit.Hungrypeoplesawthefood-relatedwordsasbrighterandwerebetteratidentifyingfood-relatedwords.Becausethewordappearedtooquicklyforthemtobereliablyseen,thismeansthatthedifferenceisinperception,notinthinkingprocesses,Radelsays.Thisissomethinggreattome.Humanscanreallyperceivewhattheyneedorwhattheystrivefor.Fromtheexperiment,Iknowthatourbraincanreallybeatthedisposalof6ourmotivesandneeds,"Radelsays.十二FloridaHitbyColdAirMa佛罗里达遭受冷气团袭击InJanuary,2003,theeasterntwo-thirdsoftheUnitedStateswasatthemercyofabitterlycoldairmathathasendangeredFlorida'scitrustrees,chokednorthernharborswithiceandleftbewilderedresidentsofNorthCarolina'sOuterBanksdiggingoutofuptoafootofsnow.TheicechilldeepenedastemperaturesfelltothesingledigitsinmostoftheSouth,withanunfamiliardipbelowthefreezingmarkasfarsouthaspartsofinteriorSouthFlorida.TemperaturesinFloridaplunged,withWestPalmBeachdroppingtoarecordlowof2degrees."Wecouldn'tbelievehowcolditwas,"saidMartinKing,whoarrivedthisweekinOrlandofromEngland."Webroughtshorts,T-shirt,andIhadtogooutandbuyanothercoat."ThetemperatureplungeposedathreattoFlorida'sUS$9．1billion-a-yearcitruscrop,moreofwhichisstillonthetrees.Growerswerehurryingtoharvestasmuchofthefruitaspossiblebeforeitwasdamagedbycold."Timeisoftheessenceingettingfruittotheplant,"saidTomRogers,acitrusgrowerwhoexpectedtoseedamagetoorangesandgrapefruitatthattime.InFlorida,GovernorJebBushsignedanemergencyordertoeliminatetheweightlimitontruckssocitrusgrowerscouldgetasmuchfruittomarketaspossible.CaseyPace,aspokeswomanforFloridaCitrusMutual,saidgrowershadsprayedtreeswithsprinklers,whichcreatedalayeroficeandhelpedmaintainatemperaturenearfreezing.Citrustreesareconsideredindangerofdamageifthetemperaturedropsbelowminus2degreesCelsiusforfourhoursormore.Snowrangingfromadustingtoupto30centimetersblanketedtheCarolinas,TennesseeandpartsofVirginia.十三InvisibilityRing隐形环Scientistscan'tyetmakeaninvisibilitycloakliketheonethatHarryPotteruses.But,forthefirsttime,they'veconstructedasimplecloakingdevicethatmakesitselfandsomethingplacedinsideitinvisibletomicrowaves.Whenaperson"sees"anobject,hisorhereyesensesmanydifferentwavesofvisiblelightastheybounceofftheobject.Theeyeandbrainthenworktogethertoorganizethesesensationsandreconstructtheobject'soriginalshape.So,tomakeanobjectinvisible,scientistshavetokeepwavesfrombouncingoffit.Andtheyhavetomakesuretheobjectcastsnoshadow.Otherwise,theabsenceofInvisibilityisn'tpossibleyetwithwavesoflightthatthehumaneyecansee.Butitisnowpossiblewithmicrowaves.Likevisiblelight,microwavesareaformofradiantenergy.Theyarepartoftheelectromagneticspectrum,whichalsoincludesradiowaves,infraredlight,ultravioletrays,Xrays,andgammarays.Thewavelengthsofmicrowaves
areshorterthanthoseofradiowavesbutlongerthanthoseofvisiblelight.Thescientists'new"invisibilitydevice"isthesizeofadrinkcoasterandshapedlikearing.Theringismadeofaspecialmaterialwithunusualability.Whenmicrowavesstrikethering,veryfewbounceoffit.Instead,theypathroughthering,whichbendsthewavesallthewayarounduntiltheyreachtheoppositeside.Thewavesthenreturntotheiroriginalpaths.Toadetectorsetuptoreceivemicrowavesontheothersideofthering,itlooksasifthewavesneverchangedtheirpaths--asiftherewerenoobjectintheway!So,theringiseffectivelyinvisible.Whentheresearchersputasmallcopperloopinsidethering,it,too,isnearlyinvisible.However,thecloakingdeviceandanythinginsideitdocastapaleshadow.Andthedeviceworksonlyformicrowaves,notforvisiblelightoranykindofelectromagneticradiation.So,HarryPotter'sinvisibilitycloakdoesn'thaveanyrealcompetitionyet.十四JapaneseCarKeepsWatchforDrunkDrivers日本用来监视醉酒司机的新型概念车AconceptcardevelopedbyJapanesecompanyNissanhasabreathalyzer-likedetectionsystemandotherinstrumentsthatcouldhelpkeepdrunkorover-tireddriversofftheroad.Thecar'ssensorscheckodorsinsidethecarandmonitoradriver'ssweatfortracesofalcohol.Anin-carcomputersystemcanissueanalertorevenlockuptheignitionsystemifthedriverseemsover-the-limit.Theairodorsensorsarefixedfirmlyanddeeplyinthedriverandpassengerseats,whileadetectorinthegear-shiftknobmeasuresperspirationfromthedriver'spalm.Othercarmakershavedevelopedsimilardetectionsystems.Forexample,Sweden'sVolvohasdevelopedabreathalyzerattachedtoacar'sseatbeltthatdriversmustblowintobeforetheenginewillstart.Nissan'snewconceptvehiclealsoincludesadashboard-mountedcamerathattracksadriversalertnebymonitoringtheireyes.ItwillsoundanalarmandissueaspokenwarninginJapaneseorEnglishifitjudgesthatthedriverneedstopulloverandrest.Thecartechnologyisstillindevelopment,butgeneralmanagerKazuhiroDoisaysthecombinationofdifferentdetectionsystemsshouldimprovetheoveralleffectiveneofthetechnology."Forexample,ifthegear-shiftsensorwasbypassedbyapassengerusingitinsteadofthedriver,thefacialrecognitionsystemwouldstillbeused,"Doisays.Nissanhasnospecifictimetableformarketingthesystem,butaimstousetechnologytocutthenumberoffatalitiesinvolvingitsvehiclestohalf1995levelsby2016.Thecar'sseatbeltcanalsotightenifdrowsineisdetected,whileanexternalcamerachecksthatthecariskeepingtoitslaneproperly.However,Doiadmitsthatsomeofthetechnology,suchasthealcoholodorsensor,shouldbeimproved."Ifyoudrinkonebeer,it'sgoingtoregister,soweneedtostudywhat'stheappropriatelevelforthesystemtoactivate," http://www.oh100.com heUK,someresearchgroupsareusingsimilaradvancedtechniquestounderstanddriverbehaviorandtheeffectiveneofdifferentroaddesigns.十五WingedRobotLearnstoFly肋生双翅机器人学飞行Learninghowtoflytooknaturemillionsofyearsoftrialanderror--butawingedrobothascrackeditinonlyafewhours,usingthesameevolutionaryprinciples.KristerWolffandPeterNordinofChalmersUniversityofTechnology(CUT)inGothenburg,Sweden,builtawingedrobotandsetabouttestingwhetheritcouldlearntoflybyitself,withoutanypre-programmeddataonwhatflappingisorhowtodoit.Tobeginwith,therobotjusttwitchedandjerkederratically.But,gradually,itmademovementsthatgainedheight.Atfirst,itcheated--simplystandingonitswingtipswasoneearlyshortcut.Afterthreehours,however,therobotabandonedsuchmethodsinfavorofamoreeffectiveflappingtechnique,whereitrotateditswingsthrough90degreesandraisedthembeforetwistingthembacktothehorizontalandpushingdown."Thistellsusthatthiskindofevolutioniscapableofcorningupwithflyingmotion,"saysPeterBentley,whoworksonevolutionaryComputingatUniversityCollegeLondon.Butwhiletherobothadworkedouthowbesttoproducelift,itwasnotabouttotakeoff."There'sonlysomuchthatevolutioncando,"Bentleysays."Thisthingisnevergoingtoflybecausethemotorswillneverhavethestrengthtodoit,"hesays.Therobothadmetre-longwingsmadefrombalsawoodandcoveredwithalightplasticfilm.Smallmotorsontherobotletitmoveitswingsforwardsorbackwards,upordownortwistthemineitherdirection.Theteamattachedtherobottotwoverticalrods,soitcouldslideupanddown.Atthestartofatest,therobotwassuspendedbyanelasticband.Amovementdetectormeasuredhowmuchlift,ifany,therobotproducedforanygivenmovement.Acomputerprogramfedtherobotrandominstructions,attherateof20persecond,totestitsflappingabilities.Eachinstructiontoldtheroboteithertodonothingortomovethewingsslightlyinthevariousdirections.Feedbackfromthemovementdetectorlettheprogramworkoutwhichsetsofinstructionswerebestatproducinglift.ThemostSuccessfuloneswerepairedupand"offspring"setsofinstructionsweregeneratedbyswappinginstructionsrandomlybetweensuccessfulpairs.Thesenext-generationinstructionswerethensenttotherobotandevaluatedbeforebreedinganewgeneration,andtheprocewasrepeated.十六JapaneseDrillingintoCoreofEarth日本人的地心旅行InwhatresemblesajourneytothecenteroftheEarth,Japanesescientistshavelaunchedtheworld'sfirstattempttoboreaholeintothered-hotcoreofavolcanoandunlockthesecretsofdeadlyeruption.A50-meter-highoil-rig-likederrickperchedonthescrubbyslopesofJapan'sMountUnzenwillbegindrillingthroughthevolcano'scrustnextweekinabidtosamplethemagmabubblingbelow.Theaimistostudyhowtheliquefiedrockcausesmenacinggasbuildup,saidteamleaderSetsuyaNakata,oftheUniversityofTokyo'sEarthquakeResearchInstitute.Gassingisimportantbecauseitcontrolstheexplosivityoferuptions,"Nakatasaid,"Theresultscanbeexpandedtoanti-disasterresearch."MountUnzen,awind-swept1,486-meterdomeonthesouthernislandofKyushu,isaperfectmodel.Iteruptedin1991,showeringavalanchesofhotrocksoveranearbytown,killing43peopleandleavingnearly2,300homeless.Another11,000peoplewereevacuatedfromtheareauntil1995,whenthevolcanohadstabilized.TheresultsareparticularlyimportanttoanationlikeJapan,wherethemeteorologicalagencymonitors20dangerouspeaks.PerhapsJapan'smostfamousvolcanoissnowcappedMountFuji,whichlasteruptedin1707andsprinkledTokyowithash.ThedrillingonMountUnzenwillbeginverysoonfromanaltitudeof850metersonitsnorthwestslope.ScientistshopetotapamagmaventaroundsealevelbyAugustandextracta200-meter-longcoresamplebysummer2004.Boringintotheglowingmagmaatthatlevelwouldnormallybeimpossible,becauseofitsfiery700degreeCelsiusheat.Thus,aslurryofwaterwillbepumpedintothedrillshafttoCoolthemagmaandallowthedriNakatasaidthereisnodangeroftriggeringanothereruption.
2016年职称英语考试理工类C级概括大意与完成句子强化训练
2016年职称英语考试理工类（C级）考试真题及答案解析
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。CellPhones
1．Believeitornot，cellphoneshavebeenaroundforoveraquarterofacentury．ThefirstcommercialcellphonesystemwasdevelopedbytheJapanesein1979．Butcellphoneshavechangedalotsincethattime．Theearlycellphoneswerebigandheavybuttheyhavedevelopedintosmallandlightpalm-sizedmodels．Therehavebeenhugedevelopmentsintheirfunctions，too．Wehavehadcellforwarding，textmessaging，answeringservicesandhands-freeuseforyears，butnowtherearecountlenewfacilities，suchasinstantaccetotheinternetandreceivingandsendingphotos．
2．Cellphoneshavebecomeverycommoninourlives；recentstatisticssuggestasmanyasoneinthreepeopleontheplanetnowhaveacellphone，andmostofthemsaytheycouldn'tlivewithoutone．Cellphonesareusedineveryareaofourlivesandhavebecomeanecessarytool，usedforessentialarrangements，socialcontactandbusiness．Theyhavemadeiteasiertocallforhelponthehighway．Theyhavemadeitpossibletokeepintouchwithpeople"onthemove"whenpeoplearetraveling．
3．Cellphoneshavemadecommunicationeasierandhavereducedtheneedforfamilyarguments．Wecanusecellphonestoletourfamilyknowwe'llbelateorifthere'sachangeofplanoranemergency．Cellphoneshaveeasedtheworriesofmillionsofparentswhentheirteenagersareoutlate，theycannowcontacttheirchildrenatanytime．
4．Thisdoesnotmeanthatcellphonesareallgoodnews．Theyhavebroughtwiththemanumberofnewheadachesfortheirowners：itcostsalottoreplacestolenphones，somethingthatisbecomingafrequentoccurrence，andhaveyoueverseensuchhugephonebills?Moreserious，however，isthepotentialhealthproblemtheybring：therearefearsthatradiationfromthephonesmaycausebraintumor(肿瘤)。Thismaybeatimebombwaitingtohappentoyoungerpeoplewhohavegrownupwithcellphonesthattheysimplycan'tlivewithout．
23．Paragraph1_________________
24．Paragraph2_________________
25．Paragraph3________________
26．Paragraph4_________________
A．Cellphonesandthefamily
B．Commercialcellphonesystems
C．Cellphonesineverydaylife
D．Cellphonesforteenagers
E．Historyofcellphones
F．Problemswithcellphones
27．Nowadayscellphonesareequippedwith_______________
28．Cellphonesarecommoninourlivesandhavebecome________________
29．Wecanusecellphonestocommunicatewithotherswhenwe30．Inspiteofmanybenefits，cellphoneshavebroughtfortheirencounter_________________owners_________________
A．anecessity．
B．anemergency．
C．anumberofnewheadaches．
D．familyarguments．
E．bigandlightpalm-sizedmodels．
http://www.oh100.com untlenewfacilities
2016年全国职称英语理工类（C级）考试参考答案
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子
23．E[解析]第一段开篇就说手机发明到现在几近四分之一个世纪，又对比了手机早期和近期在功能上的不同，可以想见是在叙述手机的历史。
24．C[解析]第二段讲手机在人们的生活中十分普及，许多人离不开手机，用于各个场合，因而意在说明手机存在于每个人的生活中。
25．A[解析]第三段例举了手机对于家人联系上的作用，有助于减少家庭的误会纠纷，有助于父母联系孩子，因而讲的是同家庭的关系。
26．F[解析]最后一段第一句就说明了该段要讲的是手机带来的问题，段中举了青少年的例子，因此D选项有一定的迷惑性，但是纵观全段，还是不局限于只描写青少年，因此选F。
27．F[解析]文中原文：flowtlaerearecountlenewfacilities
28．A[解析]文中原文：cellplnonesaretlseclineveryarea0fourliyesancIllaveIlecomeanecessarytool
29．B[解析]文中原文：wecanusecellphonestoletourfamilyknowwe'llbelateoriftlaere'sasuddenchangeofplanoranemergency
30．C[解析]文中原文：tlleyhavebroughtwithtllemanumberofnewIleaclacIlesfortheirowners
参考译文
手机
无论你信不信，手机的诞生到现在已经近四分之一个世纪了。1979年，日本研发了第一个商业手机系统，当然，现在的手机系统已经更新了好几代了。早期的手机又大又重，而现在它已经变得如巴掌般大小轻巧。且在功能上有了飞跃式的改进。呼叫转接、发短信、答录功能和免提功能，这些早已出现，但现在又有了数不尽的新功能，如即时上网和收发图片。
手机早已在人们的生活中普及，最新的数据显示世界每三个人中就有一个拥有手机，并且很多人说他们离不开手机。生活的各个方面都可能需要用到手机，它已成为一项必备的工具，用于社交和商业场合。如果你的车在高速公路上出现事故，手机能迅捷地为你呼叫帮助。当人们在"四处奔波"时，即旅游的时候，也能够保持联系。
手机使得人们的联系更为便捷并且在一定程度上减少了家人之间的争辩。当我们要迟到、临时变更计划或发生突发紧急事件时，我们可以及时通知家人。手机使得成千上万的父母放下心来，当他们的孩子外出晚归时，他们可以随时保持联系。
但这也并不意味着手机带来的都是好处。它同时也给主人带来了一系列麻烦事：如果你手机遭窃，那么再买一个的成本也不小，这恐怕也是家常便饭的事了。另外，你要为话费账单花很多钱。还有更为潜在的健康问题，人们担心手机的辐射可能会导致脑肿瘤。这对于那些由手机陪伴成长的青少年来说，无疑是一枚定时炸弹。