形容词可以充当定语补语状语表语主语感叹语,介词的位置动词介词名词不及物动词介词往往构成及物动,形式主语系动词表语形容词真正主语等同不定式短语名词,主语代词系动词表语形容词从句主谓宾语从句连词引导老师。
英语句子结构
英语句子结构
音素—词汇—表达法—句子成分—段落—文章
注意:
主语的形式:名词,代词,the+形容词,the+分词,不定式,动名词,疑问句+不定式,For+
名词或宾格的代词+不定式(forhimtostudymathematics),介词短语(fromeight
totweleve),名词从句.
谓语:由简单动词或动词短语构成.(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)英语中常用某些动词
名词代替表动态的位于动词,以表生动.
宾语的形式:基本和主语的形式一致.多了一个副词(Myfriendcamefromafartoseeme)
表语:在系表结构中,联系动词只是形式上的谓语,真正起谓语作用的是表语,也可以说是
一种主语补语
补语的形式:名词,形容词或代用语,副词(mybrotherisout),分词
定语从句:修饰名词,短语,从句,主句
状语从句:修饰动词,分词,形容词,副词
名词可以充当:主语,宾语,主语补语(hisfatherisalawyer,hewaselectedPresident),宾语
补语(theclaelectedJimitspresident.)
名词的代用词:动名词,代词,不定式,短语,从句
(主语和宾语)名词从句引导词:that,whether,if,who,whose,whom,which,what,
when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever.
动词可以充当:谓语
形容词可以充当:定语,补语,状语,表语,主语,感叹语
副词可以充当:状语,表语,定语,介词宾语,宾语补足语
副词可以修饰:动词(包括不定式,动名词,分词等动状词),形容词,副词,副
词短语,状语从句,修饰全句
介词词组可以充当:定语(须后置),状语,表语,宾补,另一介词的宾语,主语
介词的位置:1,动词+介词+名词,2,不及物动词+介词(往往构成及物动
词at,for,from,into,of,to,with)
介词的宾语:名词,代词,形容词,副词(fromhere,tillrecently,frombelow),
动名词(ondoing,inreading),不定式(),
不定式可以充当:主语,宾语,表语,宾语补足语,定语,状语,不定式短语可以当作名
词短语,
动名词可以充当:主语,表语,动词宾语,介词宾语,定语,状语(放在介词后面,aftergetting
up,本身不能做状语)
分词可以充当:定语,表语,宾语补足语,状语(前面可以有连词,asif,though,whether)
前后相关的词性:前面:名词,连接副词,介词
后面:从句,名词,介词
连词:包含副词性连词,代词性连词,关系代词,关系副词,关系形容词(whosedaughter,what
little),
难点:1,主语+动词+宾语+宾语补语,主语+动词+间宾+直宾,后者可以改为to的形式;
ThetailormadeJohnasuit.=ThetailormadeasuittoJohn
2,反意疑问句;ShelearnsFrench,doesn'tsheHehadaletterfromhome,didn'tyou
第一大类:系表结构;不及物动词的主谓结构
1,Englishisadifficultlanguage(formetolearn.)!!!
主语(名词)+系动词+表语(名词)+(等于不定式)状语
(Winningfirstplace'inthespeechcontest')was(hisspecialambition.)主语(动名词短语)+系动词+表语(名词短语)等于倒装句
2,Ihavebeendreaming(duringthenight.)
主语(代词)+谓语(不及物动词现在完成进行时态)+时间状语(介词短语)
3,Ihavefallenbehind(inmyclass)
主语(代词)+谓语(不及物动词现在完成时态)+修饰副词+地点状语(介词词组)
4,Itisdangerous(formetodriveacar.)=todriveacarisdangerousforme.
形式主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+真正主语(等同不定式短语)=名词formetodriveacarisdangerous.
5,(TounderstandEnglish)isnotdifficult.
主语(不定式短语)+系动词+表语(形容词)
(Forhimtostudymathematics)isawasteoftime
主语(等同不定式短语)+系动词+表语(名词词组)
Thisbookis(ofgreatvalue.)Ofgreatvalue=形容词!!!
主语(名词)+系动词+表语(介词短语)
6,I'amtired(of''arguingwithyou')(allthetime)!!!
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+状语
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语+状语老师
7,He'wasworriedabout''whetherhepassedtheFrenchexamination.'!!!主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+从句"主+谓+宾语从句(连词引导)老师"
8,Thelakeissafe(toswimin)
主语(名词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+结果状语(不定式)
Heishesitant(toacceptherproposal.)
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+方式状语(不定式短语)
Hewasveryhappy(toseehismothertakengoodcareof)athome.主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+条件状语(不定式短语)
Thewriterisfree(toworkinwhateverplaceandatwhatevertime"hechooses.")
主语(名词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+方式状语(不定式短语含定语从句修饰free)
Sheis(sadforyou)(tohaveactedsorashly)
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词短语)+原因状语(等同不定式短语)She'isapologetic(for'breakingthevase.)!!!
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+原因状语(介词短语)主谓宾老师
He'isblindto'hisownmistake.!!!
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+状语(介词短语)主谓宾老师He'feltshame(for'hisdaughter"tohavetoldlies")!!!
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(名词)+状语(等同不定式短语)
主谓宾+宾补老师系动词+形容词或形容词短语或名词短语=谓语10,Thericharenotalwayshappier(thanthepoor.)
主语(名词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+状语(介词短语修饰happier)11,Tosleepsoundly"is(agoodpreparation")(fortomorrow.)!!!
主语(不定式短语)+系动词+表语(名词)+定语(介词短语修饰preparation)
等同主谓结构
12,Hishobbyis(makingmodelairplanes.)
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(动名词短语)
13,Hishobbywas(tocollectautographs.)
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(不定式短语)
One"istostrugglefor"one'sliving.
主语+谓语+宾语老师主系表-自认为
Myideais(togothererighttoday.)
主语+系动词+表语(不定式短语)与上句比较.
14,Heisabusinessman(growingrich'inrecentyears.')
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(名词)+定语(现在分词短语)
Heis(thegreatestwriter)(alive.)
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(名词)+定语(形容词)
Heisnotthekindofman(todosuchthings.)!!!whomaydosuchthings主语(代词)+系动词+表语(名词)+定语(不定式短语)(不定式短语=从句)
I"amconvincedof"hishonesty.!!!
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词短语)主谓宾老师
15,Hewasthenateacherrespected(whowasrespected)byallhisstudents.
主语(代词)+系动词+副词+表语(名词)+定语(过去分词短语含介词短语)
16,They"aresatisfiedwith"theirpresentjob.!!!
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+状语(介词短语)主谓宾老师Abilityisquiteusele(withoutopportunity.)
主语(名词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+条件状语(介词短语修饰is)Hestoodmotionleforafewmoments.也能等同主谓状老师主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+状语(介词短语修饰stood)17,Theman(writingsomethingatthedesk)ismycousin.
主语(名词)+定语(分词短语)+系动词+表语(名词)
Theman(waitingforabus)is(theprincipalofourschool.)
主语(名词)+定语(现在分词连介词短语)+系动词+表语(名词短语)Theroom(facingtheyard)isherstudy.
主语(名词)+定语(现在分词短语)+系动词+表语(名词)
Thebook(beingstudied)isaclassicalnovel.!!!
主语(名词)+定语(过去分词短语)+系动词+表语(名词)
Anoldman(withsometeethmissing)(wassitting)"underthetree."主语(名词)+定语(介词短语)+谓语+状语
18,Thedesire(tosucceed)isstrong(inyouth.)
主语(名词)+定语(不定式)+系动词+表语(形容词)+状语(介词短语)Herpromise(towrite)wasforgotten.主谓被动语态老师!!!主语(代词)+定语(不定式)+系动词+表语(形容词)
19,Afriend(whohelpsyou'intimeofneed')is(arealfriend.)主语(名词)+定语从句+系动词+表语(名词)
20,Hewasthefirst(tocome)andthelast(toleave.)
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(名词)+定语(不定式短语)
20,Heis(toopoor)(togoabroadforfurthertraining.)
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+结果状语(不定式短语修饰poor)Shewassonaive(astobelievehiswords.)副词as修饰后面不定式主语(代词)+系动词+表语(形容词)+状语(不定式短语)
21,(Anundutifuldaughter)(willprove)(anunmanageablewife.)主语(名词)+系动词+表语(名词)
22,Herregretishavingdonesomuchforhimandbeingabandonedbyhim.
主语(代词)+系动词+表语(完成时态)+动名词(is)beingabandoned待整理:
Theverdictappears(tobe)just.
主语+系动词+表语(不定式)加强联系动词力量Iwassomuchsurprisedatit.
主语+系动词+表语(过去分词做形容词)+状语(介词短语)Iamverypleasedwithwhathehasdone.
主语+系动词+表语(过去分词做形容词)+状语(介词短语)Theyappear(outofbreath.)
主语+系动词+表语(介词短语)为什么
Areyougoing(tothestation)
主语+谓语+状语(介词短语)
Areyousure(aboutthearrivaltime.)
主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+状语(介词短语)Wewillbelucky(togettherebeforedark.)
主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+状语(不定式短语)HehadbeeninGermanyforfiveyears.
主语+系动词(过去完成时)+表语(介词短语)
Myideais(togothererighttoday.)
主语+系动词+表语(不定式短语)
Ourdreamhascometrue.
主语+系动词(现在完成)+表语(形容词)
Heseems(tobeworking)veryhard.
主语+系动词+表语(不定式短语)
Sheisnotawareofyour(being)动名词solazy.=Heisnotawarethatyouaresolazy.
主语+系动词+表语+状语(介词短语含动名词)或主谓宾
Hewasscoldedfor(telling)alie.=Hewasscoldedbecausehehadtoldalie.
主语+谓语(被动)+状语(介词短语含动名词)
Thispictureisofhisownpainting.
主语(名词)+系动词+表语
Heis(abovetelling)alie.(他耻于说谎)
主语+系动词+表语(介词短语含动名词)
Hereyesweretired(fromlongreading.)
主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+状语(介词短语)
Shesatup(reading)lastnight.
主语+谓语(不及物+介词)+主语补语(现在分词)
Thechildkeptcryingallnight.
主语+系动词+表语(现在分词)主语补语
Wearepleased(thatmuchischanginginchinaforthebetter.)
主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+从句做宾语,或者主+谓+宾语从句(pleased后省略了at)
Wearehappy(tobepartofthisrenewalprocess)(bywhatweteachourstudents.)
主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+宾语或原因状语(不定式短语)+状语(介
词短语含从句
HeisabouttostartforAmerica.
主语+系动词+表语主谓宾不定式做介词的宾语
You(aretopay)yourdebt.你应该还债be动词+不定式
主语+系动词+表语主谓宾
Ishouldbehappy(tobe)ofanyservicetoyou.=ifIamofanyservicetoyouIshouldbehappy.
主语+系动词+表语+状语(不定式)
Heis(tooreadyto)criticizeothers.=Heisveryfondofcriticizingothers.
主语+系动词+表语+状语
Lincolnwasbornapoorfarmer'sboyanddiedPresidentofUnitedStates.主语+谓语+主语补语
Hewastakenformybrother.
主语+谓语+主语补语
Thesuccessfulenterprisewillgodown(inlocalhistory)(asrepresentingthebestthatourtown
cando.)主语+谓语+状语+主语补语
Hewasregarded(asverypromising.)
主语+谓语+补语
第二大类:主谓结构(不及物动词)
1,Hekeptwaitingverylong.
主语(代词)+谓语(不及物动词)+主语补语(现在分词短语)+时间状语Hecame(running)intotheroom.
主语(代词)+谓语+主语补语(现在分词短语)+地点状语
Headmitted(takingthewatch.)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(动名词)与分词结构的对比,动名词经常后有宾语
2,Amouseran(out)(fromunderthefloor.)
主语(名词)+谓语+方位状语(副词)+地点状语(介词短语)
Thesunrises(intheeast.)
主语(名词)+谓语+方位状语(介词短语)
Sheleft(shortly)afterthemeeting.
主语(代词)+谓语+副词(修饰介词短语)+时间状语(介词短语)Shegrewup(tobeadiplomat.)
主语(代词)+谓语(不及物动词+介词或副词)+结果状语(不定式短语)3,Sheremained(sittingaloneinthedark)
主语(代词)+谓语+主语补语+状语(副词+介词短语构成)
4,Heseemeddisappointed.
主语(代词)+系动词+表语.
Heturnedawaydisappointed.
主语(代词)+谓语(不及物+副词)+状语(过去分词)
5,Shereadslowlybutdistinctly.
主语(代词)+谓语+状语(副词)
6,Meneat(tolive),butnotlive(toeat.)
主语(代词)+谓语+状语(不定式)!!!
Shehasphonedtosaythatshewillresign.
主语(代词)+谓语(现在完成时)+目的状语(不定式短语)!!!
Hestudiedhard(onlytofail.)
主语(代词)+谓语+结果状语(不定式短语)
She(wokesuddenly)(tofindsomeonestandinginthedoorway.)!!主语(代词)+谓语+副词(修饰谓语)+结果状语(不定式短语)She(spokesosoftly)(thatIcouldn'thearwhatshesaid.)
主语(代词)+谓语+副词+结果状语(从句)
Shelived(toseehersonbecomingthepresident.)!!
主语(代词)+谓语+结果状语(不定式短语含宾补)
7,Hestruggled(withcourage.)
主语(代词)+谓语+状语(介词短语)
Ourdesirealwaysincreases(withourpossessions.)
主语(代词)+谓语+状语(介词短语)
Hesmiled(inanencouragingway.)
主语(代词)+谓语+方式状语(介词短语)
8,(Seeingabearcoming),hefled.
状语(现在分词短语),+主语(代词)+谓语
9,Heflies(formtimetotime)(fromJapantoothercountries)(intheworld)(includingtheUnited
StatesofAmerica.)
主语(代词)+谓语+状语(介词短语)+状语(介词短语)+定语(介词短语修饰countries)
+定语(分词短语修饰countries)
10,You(mustgetup)(veryearly)(toseethesunrisetomorrowmorning.)主语(代词)+谓语+时间状语(副词)+目的状语(介词短语)
待整理:
Shehadlivedinpovertyforthirtyyears.
主语+谓语(现在完成时)+状语(介词短语)+状语(介词短语)或主谓宾状
Childrenallcameout(toplay.)
主语+谓语+副词+状语(不定式)
Samsangsoftlytohimself.
主语+谓语+状语(副词)+状语(介词短语)
He(wentout)withoutanovercoat.
主语+谓语+状语(介词短语)
Therainrattled(ontheroof)(allnight)
主语+谓语+状语(介词短语)+状语(名词短语)
Sheappeared(tohavesufferedalot.)
主语+谓语+状语(不定式短语)
Youaresupposedtoreturnitintwodays'time.=someonesupposedyoutoreturnit.
主语+谓语+状语状语部分在正常语序中是宾补
Heconfessed(havingcommitted)murder.=Heconfessedthathehadcommittedmurder.
主语+谓语+状语或宾语省略了to
Henevercomeswithoutbringingsomepresent.
主语+谓语+状语
Iwondered(tohearhervoiceinthenextroom.)不定式短语当副词修饰动词表原因
主语+谓语+状语(不定式)
Hemusthavestudiedhard(tohavesucceeded)sosplendidly.理由主语+谓语+副词+状语(不定式)
第三大类:主谓宾结构
1,Wediscussedalot(aboutouruniversitylife.)!!!
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+定语(介词短语)
2,Shemakehim(feeltoobusy)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(代词)+宾补(不定式短语)
Hecamehome(outofhumour.)主谓状状老师!!!
主语(名词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+主语补语(介词短语)
Hecamehome(quitechanged.)主谓状状home做副词老师主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+主语补语(过去分词)
Ihaveadesiretosucceed.!!!
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+定语(不定式)
Shecanfind(noone)(tomakefriendswith.)!!!
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(代词)+定语(不定式短语)需理解
Hehasthegoodne(todoit.)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(抽象名词)+定语(不定式短语)
Helentmeabook(tokilltimewith.)感觉象状语但还原成从句就不会.主语(代词)+谓语+直宾(代词)+间宾(名词)+定语(不定式短语)
Hiswifeleft(himalotofproblems)(tosolve.)whichhemustsolve!!!主语(代词)+谓语+直宾+间宾(名词短语)+定语(不定式=可还原成从句)
3,Hemadetheboxbeautiful
主语+谓语+宾语(名词)+宾补(形容词)
4,Heallowedme(tostaythereforthenight.)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(代词)+宾补(不定式短语)
Iadviseyou(toseealawyer.)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(代词)+宾补(不定式短语)
5,Hekeptmewaitingverylong.
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(代词)+宾补(现在分词短语)
CanIhavethisparcelweighedhere
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+宾补(过去分词短语)+状语如何理解Shelookedatthecity'beingattacked(whichwasbeingattacked)bytheenemy.'
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+定语(分词)
Webuiltawideroad(leadingtotheairport.)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+定语(分词短语含介词短语)Shehasawish(totravelroundtheworld.)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+定语(不定式短语)
Shekepthim(onpinsandneedles.)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(代词)+宾补(介词短语)
Ifoundeverythingingoodcondition.
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+宾补(介词短语)
Thevictorymadeusexcitedwithjoy
主语(名词)+谓语+宾语(代词)+宾补(形容词)+状语(介词短语修饰excited)
(Fromtimetotime)Ihearher(sing'theGermansong')(inherlovelyvoice.)
时间状语(修饰hear)+主语(代词)+宾语(代词)+宾补+方式状语(介词短语修饰sing)
7,Theyexpecttosucceed.
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(不定式)
Helikestotrapsparrows
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(不定式短语)
8,Heenjoys(campinginthemountains.)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(动名词短语;不及物动词)
Weshouldavoidinjuringthefeelingsofothers.
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(动名词短语;及物动词)
We(thoughtof)havingapicnic.
主语(代词)+谓语(不及物+介词)+宾语(动名词短语)
She(usuallyputoff)(carryingout"herpromise")(untilthelastmoment.)主语(代词)+谓语(不及物+介词)+宾语(动名词短语)+时间状语(修饰谓语)
9,(Whenthemeetingwillbeheld)hasnotbeenannounced.
主语(名词从句)+谓语+省略宾语
10,Thesetruckscarrygoods'exported(whichareexported)toforeigncountries.'
主语(名词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+定语(过去分词短语含状语)11,Weshotthehorsewhoselegwasbroken.
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+定语从句(修饰宾语)
12,Thewholefamilywenttobeach(tospendtheirweekend.)主谓状状老师
主语(名词)+谓语+宾语(名词或介词短语)+目的状语(不定式短语)Theboyfound(aprettybird)(inthenest.)
主语(名词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+地点状语(介词短语修饰found)Theyplayedcricket(inspiteoftherain.)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(名词)+让步状语(介词短语)
Imether(onmywayhome)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(代词)+地点状语(介词短语)
Hehelpedmealthoughhedidn'tknowme.
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(代词)+让步状语从句(连词引导)
13,Shetried(tokillherself)(onlytobesaved.)
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(不定式短语)+结果状语(不定式短语)
Ibegan(togettheshakes)(justthinkingaboutthetest.)副词在结构和连接起什么作用
主语(代词)+谓语+宾语(不定式短语)+伴随状语(分词+介词短语)
Myfather,whohasanexhaustingjob,wants(torevitalizehimself)(byplayinggolf.)
主语(名词),+定语从句,+谓语+宾语(不定式)+方式状语(介词短语修饰revitalize)
14,He(escaped"from)thebattlefield"("onlytobekilled)bythenatives".主语(代词)+谓语(不及物动词+介词)+宾语(名词)+结果状语(不定式)+状语
主谓状状老师
15,Thismorning(theweatherforecast)warnedus(thatabigtyphoonisapproachingTaiwan.)
时间状语(修饰谓语)+主语(名词)+谓语+直宾(代词)+间宾(名词从句)16,(Howeverbusyyoumaybe),you(mustallow)yourselftime(towritehome)(atleastoncea
month.)
让步状语从句(修饰谓语),+主语(代词)+谓语+直宾(代词)+间宾(名
词)+定语
(不定式短语)+时间状语
17,Shewritesmealettereveryotherweek.=Shewritesalettertomeeveryotherweek.
主语+谓语+间宾+直宾主语+谓语+直宾+间宾
Shesangmeasong.=Shesangasongforme.
主语+谓语+间宾+直宾
待整理:
Heranuptoher(breathingheavily.)
主语+谓语(不及物+介词)+宾语+状语主语补语(分词短语)Theyfoundthemachine(inabadstate.)
主语+谓+宾语(名词)+宾补(介词短语)
Hehasmanythings(totellyou.)
主语+谓语+宾语+定语(不定式)
Ihaveenoughmoney(tobuythebookwith)=Ihaveenoughmoney(withwhichtobuythe
book)介词+关系代词+不定式=形容词短语
主语+谓语+宾语+定语(不定式短语)
Youforgottocallhimup.
主语+谓语+宾语(不定式短语)
Thebookslieonthetableinthelibrary.
主谓宾
Heisintentoncarryingouttheexperiment.
主语+谓语+宾语
Idreamofbeingthebestfootballerinthetown.
主语+谓语+宾语
Hewillneverget(tounderstandit.)
主语+谓语+宾语(不定式短语)
Hehadnodesirebuttogoabroad.
主语+谓语+宾语+状语
Heburstoutcrying(tohear)herwords.
主语+谓语+宾语+(不定式)原因状语
Iamlookingforwardtomeetingher.
主语+谓语+宾语
Weexpecthimtocome.=Weexpectthathewillcome.
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补主谓宾语从句
Theschoolbellbegantoring
主语+谓语+宾语(不定式)
Ihavejustfinished(typingmypaper.)
主语+谓语+宾语(动名词)
Wehope(tosee)yousoon.
主语+谓语+宾语(不定式短语)
Heswore(tospeak)thetruth.
主语+谓语+宾语(不定式短语)
HeurgedmetostudyFrench.
主语+谓语+宾语(代词)+宾补(不定式短语)
Hemakes(apointofremembering)eachoneofourbirthdays主语+谓语+宾语+
Thechildwasfound(sleeping)inthebathroom.
主语+谓语+主语补语(分词短语)
Heaccusedmeofcopying.
主语+谓语+宾语
Icongratulateyouuponyourgraduation.
主语+谓语+宾语+状语
Hewouldnotforgiveusforslightinghim.=Hewouldnotforgiveourslightinghim.
主语+谓语+宾语+状语
Iregardthis(asofgreatimportance.)
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
Don'ttakehiskindne(forgranted)
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
第四大类:Itis结构真正主语无论放在什么位置,唯一的理解方式就是形式和实际在名称
上的区别.
1,Itisnouse(callingJohnatthislatehour).=CallingJohnatthislatehourisnouse.
形式主语+系动词+表语(名词)+真正主语(不定式短语)也能当作原因状语
2,Ithinkitimpossible(tofinishthisworkinaday.)
主语(代词)+谓语+形式宾语+补语(形容词)+真正宾语(不定式短语)状语
3,Itmatterslittle(whatyouuseyourmoneyon,)Providedyoudouseitwisely.
形式主语+谓语+副词(修饰谓语)+真正主语(名词从句),+状语从句(条件)
4,Itisnouse(tryingtoexcuseyourself.)
英语句子结构
句子结构(上)
句子是语言的最基本单位。要掌握语言的规律,就要从解剖句子结构入手。而要分析解剖句子结构,首先要了解英语句子成分及充当这些成分的词类。
一)英语中的词类与汉语大体差不多,有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词;冠词、介词、连词、助动词(含情态词),其中前六类是“实体词”,后四类是“功能词”,分别相当于砖头与水泥。这些词是构成句子的最基本的元素。另外还有语气(感叹)词。
汉语中有“动宾词组做主语”的现象与说法,英语中也则有一些由若干个词组成的词群,它们在句子中往往作为一个整体只充当一个成分。为了表达的方便,我们将之统称为“板块”。
1.介宾板块:inthecar,throughoutthecountry,bytheendoflastterm,insteadofsmiling,fromacrothelake,…
2.(动词)不定式板块:
(1)tohelphim,towaterthegarden,…
(2)forustolearnEnglish,forthecitytokillpests
(3)whattodo,howtodoit,whentoleave,wheretogo,which(one)tobuy,whethertobuyit,…
3.–ing分词板块:IntheeveningIlovesittingbythefire.
4.–ed分词板块:ThelanguagestayedthesameasthelanguageusedinBritain.
5.形容词板块Unabletowalkabout,hehadtoliestillinbed.
6.从句板块相对于整个句子而言,一个从句只是其中的一个成分,所以也可以视之为一个板块。
(二)当若干个词依据规则组合在一起表达一个完整的意思时就成了一个句子。根据这些词在句子中所处的位置及所起的作用,我们将之名为不同的句子成分,即主语、谓语、宾语、补语、定语、状语、同位语及插入语,前(二)三(四)种组成和决定句子的主干,其余的则是枝叶,是句子的非必要成分。
*谓语,是句子的核心,必不可少,句子其它的所有部件都是围绕它来组织的,都是为它服务的。
*主语,是指动作的发出者或话题出发点。除了名词、代词(指人或物)以外,一些板块也可作主语(指事)。
1).ManystudentswanttoknowaboutthedifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish.(名词,指人)
2)Infactthey(thelittleplants)willgrowbetterifyoufeedthem.(代词,指物)
3)ToholdtheOlympicsisaprizeforacountry.(todo板块,指事)
4)LearningEnglishisfun.(-ing板块,指事)
其它词类(短语)加上引号也可作主语。
“Lively”isnotanadverbbutanadjective.
“0.35”means“35partsperthousand”.
“Asaboy”actsasanadverbialinthesentence“Asaboy,helikedswimming.”
句子也可作主语,叫主语从句。详见“句子结构(下)。
*宾语。宾者,宾客也。它是动作的对象或内容。能作宾语的词类与主语差不多(只是人称代词作主、宾语时有严格的区分:I,we,you,he,she,they,who作主语,叫主格;me,us,you,him,her,them,whom作宾语叫宾格)。英语中只有及物动词和介词才可以带宾语,即所谓的“动宾”“介宾”。
1)I’llkeeptheboxintheshadesothatthesundoesn’tburnthelittleplants.
2)Thepowderwillmakethem(thecabbageplants)growbigandstrong.
3)Theyprefertotravelbyair.
4)Ican’tdecidewhich(one)tobuy.
5)Ilovesittingbythefireandplayingtheguitar.
动词不定式短语作主语时,往往用it来代替,叫代主语;作宾语而且其后有宾补时,也往往用it来代替,叫代宾语。
*定语,是用来限定或修饰名(代)词的,单个词或并列的多个词作定语时一般放在名词前。Wearehavingawonderfultime.Whataburninghouse!
Thisisacheaproundyellowwooddesk.
但有时定语要后置(后置定语):
1)副词作定语时Thesoilismadefromthedeadleavesofthetreesabove.
Makesentences,usingthewordsbelow.
2)修饰不定代词的定语
Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.
Itisnothingserious.
3)所有的“板块”
However,mostofthetime,peoplefromthetwocountriesdonothaveanydifficultyinunderstandingeachother.
Thedifferencesinspokenlanguagearegreater.
Hehasonlyasmallroomtolivein.
AtonetimetherewerelongqueueswaitingoutsidetheCAACoffices.
Thebabysleepinginthecradlecriedsuddenly.
Foodscanchangeintoenergymeasuredincalories.
SometimestheEnglishspokeninAustraliaorCanadaorAmericachanged.
*状语,是用来说明动作的时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条件、程度或伴随情况的;形容词或副词前的副词也是状语,多表程度。状语在句中的位置较灵活。
1)ThePacificplateismovingveryslowly.(副词,程度)
2)OnthemorningofApril5abigearthquakeshookthecity.(介宾短语,时间)
3)Hissecondmotherdidallshecouldtohelphim.(不定式,目的)
4)Thefishcaneatapersoninafewminutes,leavingonlythebones.(-ing分词,结果)
5)Iwasinthekitchencookingsomething.(-ing分词,伴随)
6)Seenfromthetopofthehill,thefieldwilllookmorebeautiful.(-ed分词,条件)
7)Althoughheisyoung,heismuchexperienced.(从句,让步)
*补语,顾名思义,是用来补足的,因前文不完整。补语在意思上与动词无关,而与其前的宾语有关。比较一下双宾:
Fetchmesomewater,please.(somewater是宾语)
CallmeJohn.(John是补语)
比较一下状语:
Hefoundhiskeyinthebedroom.(inthebedroom是状语,可省略)
Hefoundhimselfintrouble.(introuble是补语,不能省略)
补语有主补和宾补之分。
Wemadehimourmonitor.(ourmonitor是宾补)
Hewasmadeourmonitor.(ourmonitor是主补)
能充当补语的词(板块)很多:
1)Hehasastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslively.
2)Lincolnwasconsideredagreatleader.(名)
3)Allowhimin!(副,只限于极少数几个副词)
4)Thedriverfoundhimselfintrouble.(介宾)
5)Canyougetthemtobringdowntheprice?
6)Wecanseethebirdsflyingalongtheriver.(形)(-ing分词)(不定式)
7)Theproblemisthathe’snowsolazythathenevergetshishomeworkdone.
词)(-ed分
*同位语,是用来说明前面的名词的身份、职业(位)或用途等的,一般也是由名词充当。
“BushHouse”,atallbuildinginthecentreofLondon,isthehomeofBBCEnglish.
GeorgeWBush,presidentoftheUSA,wasaplayboy.
*插入语,与句子结构无关,只起修辞作用。常见的有:
bytheway顺便说一句;inaword总而言之;
inone’sopinion/,…think在某人看来;generally(speaking)一般来说
what’sworse更糟糕的是;what’smore/else另外/还有;
mostimportantofall最重要的是;totellthetruth老实说;
What
句子结构(中)
英语句子分简单句与复合句。简单句由一个(并列)主/宾语和一个(并列)谓语及其它次要成分构成。谓语是句子的核心,而谓语是由动词充当的,所以,了解动词的特点非常重要。从搭配的角度讲,动词分为及物动词,不及物动词和系动词三大类。
及物动词(用vt.代表):一定要带宾语。它有三种搭配:
1.Ilikeverymuch.(带一个宾语)
2.Adrivergave(带间宾与直宾)
=Adrivergavealifttomeonmywaytotheschool.
3.Ifindreallyhard.(带宾语及宾补)
不及物动词(用vi.代表):不能或不需要带宾语,与其搭配的是状语。
1.tomecarefully!
2.Thesunfromtheeast.
3.Heisjumpinghappilyontheground.
系动词(用vl.代表):顾名思义,系动词起联系前后的作用,其后是表语(主语补语)。系动词有四类:
1.表判断be(isamarewaswere)
2.表保持keepremainstaycontinue等
3.表变化becomegetgrowturn*gocome等
4.表感觉feellooktastesmellsound等。
后三类充当系动词的依据是,可在其后补“tobe”,或把它换成be,句子(在语法上)依然成立。
1.Itkeepsfinefordays.
2.Theleavesareturningyellow.
3.Yourideasounds(tobe)great.
特别需要注意的是,一方面要记住一些基本动词的搭配规定,不能乱来,如arriveLondon
就错,因arrive是不及物,应用及物的reach,或在两者之间加介词in/at;另一方面,像汉语一样,英语中也有一词多性一词多义,“性”与“义”又是相互影响的。就动词而言,许多动词兼有两类甚至三类搭配功能,如,
Hetasteswell.(taste:vi.)
Hetastedthemixture,lookingratherpleased.(taste:vt.)
Themixturetastedterrible.(taste:vl.)
又如,
Thetrainsoundsnoisilybeforeitruns.(sound:vi.)
Trytosoundthealarmwhenyouareindanger.(sound:vt.)
Yourrequestsoundsreasonable.(sound:vl.)
如上所述,由动词充当的谓语是句子的核心,而动词有不同的搭配功能,所以,不同的动词决定了不同的句子类型(句型)。不管一个(简单)句子有多长多复杂,以(动词)谓语为中心来解剖,都不外乎以下五种:
1.主+谓Theyareworking.
2.主+谓+宾Iloveyou.
3.主+谓+间宾+直宾Hetoldmeafunnystory.
4.主+谓+宾+宾补Ifindthebookeasy.
5.主+系+表Theflowersarebeautiful.
其它句子都是由这五种进行变化或扩张而成的。
回到“一动(词)多(功)能”的问题。词的“义”“性”与其搭配功能是三位一体相辅相成的。以刚才提到的sound为例:
A)Thetrainsoundsnoisilybeforeitruns.
B)Trytosoundthealarmwhenyouareindanger.
C)Yourrequestsoundsreasonable.
A)句中的sound后没带宾语,由此说明它是vi,也由此决定了它的意思是“…发出响声”;
B)句中的sound带了宾语,由此说明它是vt,也由此决定了它的意思是“弄响…,使…发出声音”;
C)句中的sound后面是说明主语的形容词,由此说明它是vl,也由此决定了它的意思是“…听起来…”。
倒过去讲,道理也一样。以grow作谓语时为例:它有三个意思:成长,种植,变得。“成长”为不及物,由此决定了句子类型为“主谓”。Vegetablesandtreesgrowfasterifyouaddsomepowdertothem.;“种植”为及物,由此决定了句子类型为“主谓宾”。Peoplegrowwheatinthenorthwhereitiscolder;“变得”是系动词,由此决定了句子类型为“主系表”。Itisgrowingcold。
taste作“品尝”时是vt,应带宾语。Hetastedthemixture,lookingratherpleased.作“尝起来”时是vl,
Themixturetastedterrible.terrible若用terribly就错了,因为terribly是副词,副词是不能修饰名词而做表语的。而Hetasteswell.中well是副词,因此taste是vi。该句的意思是“他味觉灵敏。”
句子结构(下)
当一个句子中同时出现两个或两个以上的动词时,这些动词可能
一,并列。将它们用and,or,but,notonly…butalso…等并列连词连接起来。
Everymorningwegetup,dreourselves,brushtheteethandthengotothedininghall.
You’dbetterdoitbyyourselforasksomeoneelseforhelp.
Ilikethecarbutcan’taffordtobuyit.
Thefiredidnotonlydestroythewholebuildingbutalsokilledscoresofpeople.
二,不并列。不并列的动词,其中一个(些)是作谓语的,其它的怎么处理呢?
1.用非谓语形式(todo,-ing分词,-ed分词)
Theyprefertotravelbyair.
ToholdtheOlympicGamesisarichprizeforacountry.
Heputhisfingerintohismouth,tasteditandsmiled,lookingratherpleased.
Wecanseetheparrotsflyingalongtheriver.
TheEnglishspokeninAmericaorAustraliachanged.
Inthatcase,youmightgetburnt.
动词的非谓语是语法重点与难点。
2.也作谓语。这样一个句子里不就有两个不并列的谓语了吗?围绕两个谓语可分别组织两
个句子,这样一个句子里不就有两个句子了吗?根据两个句子之间的关系,用关联词将它们
连结起来就成了复合句。复合句分为并列(复合)句和主从复合句。
*并列(复合)句与并列谓语差不多。并列谓语是几个谓语共一个主语(动作发出者),好比
空调的一拖二(三,四);并列(复合)句是每个谓语都有相应的主语(动作发出者)。有时
两者可互相转换。
Ilikenoodlesbutdislikedumplings.(并列谓语)
IlikenoodlesbutIdislikedumplings.(并列句)
RightnowitissummervacationandI’mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.(并列句,不可变为并列谓
语,因为两个句的主语不同。)
*主从复合句的情况复杂得多。所谓从句,就是处于从属地位的句子。前面讲的句子成分都
是单词(板块)来充当的,如果是句子,该句子就叫从句。比方说,如果句子的主语部分也
是句子,换个角度讲,一个句子处在主语的位置上时,这个句子就是主语从句。
Thetimeofhiscomingbackhasnotbeendecided.(名词主语)
Whenhewillcomebackhasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)
Idon’tknowwhichonetobuy.(不定式宾语)
Idon’tknowwhichoneIshouldbuy.(宾语从句)
TheEnglishspokeninAmericaorCanadaorAustraliachanged.(分词定语)TheEnglishwhich/thatwasspokeninAmericaorCanadaorAustraliachanged.(定语从句)
英语中除了谓语和补语之外,其它的所有成分都可能以句子的形式出现,也就是说,从句有
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,定语从句、状语从句。
Asthestudentswatchedhimquietly,hemixedthethreetogether.(状语从句)
Theybegantounderstandhowimportanttheforestis.(宾从)
Whetherhisrequestwasagreedtowasunknown.(主语从句)
ThewholenationwereindeepsorrowatthenewsthatLincolnhadbeenmurdered.(同位从)
Isthisfactorytheoneyouvisitedlastweek?(定语从句)
Theresultisthattheyputonweighteasilyandsomehavebadteeth.(表语从句)
从句与主句的关系是通过关系(代/副)词、从属连词及连接(代/副)词等来体现的。没
有必要搞清所有这些概念,为了简便易学,不妨将其统称为“关联词”。
Asthestudentswatchedhimquietly,hemixedthemtogether.
Theybegantounderstandhowimportanttheforestis.
Whetherhisrequestwasagreedtowasunknown.
ThewholenationwereindeepsorrowatthebadnewsthatAbrahamLincolnhadbeenmurdered.Isthisfactorytheoneyouvisitedlastweek?(关联词省略)
Theresultisthattheyputonweighteasily.
常见的关联词有that,which,who/whom/whose,if/whether(是否),what,where,why,how,
when/while,before,after,till/until,assoonas,unless,once,because,as,for,since,so,if(如果),so
that,inorderthat,though/although,asif,evenif…另外有少数几个词也有关联功能,如the
moment/minute,theway等。
关联词的省略只有两种情况:谓语后第一个宾语从句的无实际意义的that;定语从句中关联
词作从句谓语的宾语时。
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在整个句子中起着名词的作用,所以都叫名词
性从句。它们共同的特点是:关联词若是when,where,how,whether等有疑问意义的词,从
句不能用疑问句式而要用陈述句语序;如果从句的意思已很完整,则用that作关联词。
Wherethemeetingwillbeheldistobediscussed.
=Itistobediscussedwherethemeetingwillbeheld.
Thathesuddenlyfellillmadeussurprised.
=Itmadeussurprisedthathesuddenlyfellill.
为了避免句子头重脚轻,往往将主语从句挪到句末,并用it填补所空缺的地方,这也是代
主语。不管怎样,关联词that都不可省,虽然它没有任何意思,也不在从句中作任何成分。
Hehasfoundoutwhyhewaslate.
Hesaid(that)thetextwasimportant.
HetoldmethathehadbeentoHongKongscoresoftimes.
宾语从句最主要的是:若主句谓语是与过去有关的时态,从句谓语一般都要用与过去有关的
时态和它相适应。
Thatiswhyhewaslate.Theproblemisthatheistoofat.
表语从句。后一句也可这样:Theproblemisthis:heistoofat.或Theproblemis,heistoofat.
(这句只在口语中使用)
Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.
Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.
同位语从句是用来说明前面的名词(news,fact,idea,suggestion,promise等)的具体内容的。
定语从句和状语从句相对复杂些。先讲定语从句。
Thisisahouse.LuXunoncelivedinthehouse.
这两句在结构上完全独立,但有一词是相同的。为避免重复,可将后句改为:
Thisisahouse.LuXunoncelivedinit.
这两句在结构上仍然是完全独立的,但由于它们有共同点,可将其连为一个句:Thisisa
houseandLuXunoncelivedinit.(并列句)。若要将其改为定语从句,则要把普通代词it
改为关联词which/that并将它置于两个句之间:
Thisisahousewhich/thatLuXunoncelivedin.
由于which原是介词in的宾语,为了紧凑,将in前置:
ThisisahouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.
in()在从句中作状语,可用where()来代:
ThisisahousewhereLuXunoncelived.
要特别注意关系代词与关系副词的使用场合。如果被修饰的名(代)词在从句中既不能作主语,也不能作宾语,则一定用关系副词(when,where,why)作从句中的状语。
I’llneverforgetthedayswhenIlivedinthecountryside.
Thefactorywheremyuncleonceworkedwasburntdown.
Wouldyoutellmethereasonwhyyouarelate?
关系副词可借助于介词与关系代词之间进行转换。换言之,关系副词里暗含了介词。以上几句可改为:
I’llneverforgetthedays____________________Ilived….(in/during,which)
Thefactory____________myuncleonceworkedwasburntdownyesterday.(in,which)Wouldyoutellmethereason___________youarelate?(for,which)
关系代词(that,which,as,who,whom,whose)的情况复杂些1.以下几种场合不用that:介词后;非限定性定从(其前有逗号);先行词是整个句子时(用as,which但which不能置于句首)2.whom是宾格,但在(从)句首时可写成who;whose是用来代替his,her,their,its等的,在从句中作名词的定语。
_______everyoneknows,theearthmovesroundthesun.(As)
Peterstudieshard,__________iswhathisparentsexpect.(as/which)
TheChinesewon16goldmedals,of________12werewonbywomen.(which)
Theengine,________issmallinsize,isdesignedbyJohn.(which)
ThemansittinginthecornerisTom,________brotherismyroommate.(whose)
状语从句的类型很多:
1.地点状语从句
Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.
Whereveryouwork,youmustalwaysservethepeopleheartandsoul.
2.目的状语从句
Shekeepstheboxintheshadeinorderthatthesundoesn’tburnthelittleplants.
3.让步状语从句
Althoughthefarmislarge,myfatherhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.
4.比较或方式状语从句
YoumustdoeverythingasIdo.HespokeasifhewereanEnglishman.
5.结果状语从句
Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotsayaword.Itwasverycoldsothattheriverfroze.
6.原因状语从句
Hewasabsentfromschoolbecausehewasill.
HecouldnothaveseenmeasIwasnotthere.
7.条件状语从句
Let’sgoboatingifitisfinetomorrow.
Don’tcomeintothelabunleyouareallowedto.
8.时间状语从句
Beforewearrivedatthestation,thetrainhadalreadygone.
It’stwoyearssincehejoinedthearmy.
特别注意,时间和条件状语从句中用现在时态表将来。有时方式和让步状语从句中也如此。Letmeknowwhenhecomesback.
Evenifitrainstomorrow,thesportswilltakeplaceontime.
Don’tdrawaconclusionbeforeyou’vedonetheexperiment.
时间状语从句表一段时间时,主句的谓语动词必须是持续性的或瞬间动词的否定式。Hehasworkedinthefactoryfor30yearssinceheenteredit.
Wehaven’tseeneachothersinceIleftmyhometown.
Iwaitedtillhehadfinishedhiswork.
Hedidn’tgotobeduntilhismotherreturned.
一个汉语句子可用多种从句来翻译。换句话说,有些从句之间可互相转换:
汤姆昨天病了,没来上学。
YesterdayTomwasillandhewasabsentfromschool.(并列)
YesterdayTomwasillsohewasabsentfromschool.(结果状从)
YesterdayTomwasabsentfromschoolbecausehewasill.(原因状从)
YesterdayTom,whowasill,wasabsentfromschool.(定从)
YesterdayTomwasillandthatwaswhyhewasabsentfromschool.(并列+表从)
ThereasonthatTomwasabsentfromschoolyesterdaywasthathewasill.(同位从+表从)最简单的说法是IllnepreventedTomfromschoolyestersay.(简单句)
最后,回到本节开始的问题:同一个汉语句子中的多个动词在英语里怎么处理。前面介绍了两种,即将谓语以外的不与谓语并列的动词非谓语化或作从句谓语。第三种方法是将其处理为名词或介/副词或将其虚化。
技术得到改造之后工厂的生产大大地增加了。
Theproductioninthefactoryhasbeengreatlyincreasedaftertechnologyisimproved.
Thereisagreat/bigincreaseinproductioninthefactoryaftertechnologicalimprovement.保护野生动物是很有必要的。
Itisquitenecessarytoprotectthewildlife.
Theprotectionofthewildlifeisquitenecessary.
让他进来吧!
Lethimcomein!/Allowhimtocomein!
Lethimin!/Allowhimin!
听到这个坏消息,全国人民陷入了深深的悲痛之中。
Thewholenationfellintodeepsorrowwhentheyheardofthebadnews.
Thewholenationfellintodeepsorrowatthebadnews.
每年都有大量的鸟来昆明过冬。
EveryyeartherearemanybirdsflyingtoKunmingtospendtheirwinter.
EveryyearmanybirdsflytoKunmingforwinter.
Joineachgroupofsentencesintoonesentence:
1.A.ThemiludeerusedtobecommoninChinalongago.
B.ItdisappearedduringtheMingandtheQingperiods.
C.Toomanyofthedeerhadbeenkilled.disappearedduringtheMingandtheQingperiodsbecausetoomanyofthemhadbeenkilled.
2.A.Anatureparkformiludeerhasbeensetup.
B.ThenatureparkisthebiggestofitskindinChina.
C.ThisnatureparkisinNanhaizi.
D.Nanhaiziisabout20kilometressouthofBeijing.ThebiggestnatureparkformiludeerinChinahasbeensetupinNanhaizi,(whichis)about20kilometressouthofBeijing.
3.A.Somehelicoptersweresenttorescuethepeople.
B.Thepeopleweretrappedinthefireonthetopfloors.
C.Thesmokefromthefirewastoothick.
D.Thehelicopterswerenotabletogetcloseenough.Thehelicopterswhichweresenttorescuethepeople(whowere)trappedinthefireonthetopfloors,werenotabletogetcloseenough,becausethesmokefromthefirewastoothick.
4.A.AbigfirebrokeoutonFebruary4th,1974.
B.Morethan220peoplewerekilledinthefire.
C.ThefiredestroyedtheCapitalBuilding.
D.TheCapitalBuildingwasthenthenewestbuildinginSaoPaulo.
OnFebruary4th,1974,morethan220peopleanddestroyedtheCapitalBuildingwhichwasthenthenewestbuildinginSaoPaulo.
Dividethesentenceintoparts(句子解剖/句子板块分析):
Themiludeer,whichusedtobecommoninChinalongago,disappearedduringtheMingandtheQingperiodsbecausetoomanyofthemhadbeenkilled
Themiludeerdisappeared.句子主干(主谓结构)
whichusedtobecommoninChinalongago,(定语从句修饰themiludeer)
duringtheMingandtheQingperiods(时间状语)
becausetoomanyofthemhadbeenkilled.(原因状语从句)
Thehelicopterswhichweresenttorescuethepeopletrappedinthefireonthetopfloors,werenotabletogetcloseenough,becausethesmokefromthefirewastoothick.
Thehelicopterswerenotabletogetcloseenough.主干
whichweresenttorescuethepeopletrappedinthefireonthetopfloors
helicopters)
trappedinthefire(-ed分词短语作后置定语修饰people)
onthetopfloors(介词短语作后置定语修饰people)(定语从句修饰
becausethesmokefromthefirewastoothick
(原因状语从句)