第二句有引导目的状语从句主句的主语为，语法这句话的主干句就是引导的是的同位语从句是用来修饰的，常见的介词有等而不定式短语的标志词是后接动词原形，英语四级阅读长难句句子结构分析。
长难句句子结构分析(1-10)
1.TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.
语法：这句话包含了几个从句，句子的主干试TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundaeconomy.basicallyprivate-enterprise,market-oriented作定语修饰economy，副词basically修饰形容词。Inwhich后面引导一个economy的状语从句，what从句则是determine的宾语从句，最后一个that从句是thosegoodsandservices的定语从句。
[参考译文]美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.
语法：强调句。Coupledwith连接两个并列成分(thedemand…&thedesire…),两个不定时短语表示这些人群的目的，determine后面带两个宾语从句。
[参考译文]因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.
ontheotherhand是插入语，可以放在句首，所以这句话其实就是一个有if发起的条件状语从句，从句中动名词作主语，使用一般现在时，主句中this指代从句整句话，主句用一般将来时，which从句是定语从句，它的先行词是supply.
[参考译文]另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
http://www.oh100.com heAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.
语法：这句话的语法不复杂，只是并列成分比较多。主语是theconceptofprivateproperty,谓语是embraces,后面notonly…butalso…的成分就是embraces的宾语了。Including后面的全部内容补充说面前面的certainrights.
[参考译文]在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位)自由签定合同的权利。
5.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.
语法：第一个句子的主语是thesecomputers，谓语是record，后面有两个以and连接的宾语从句whichhoursarebusiest和whichemployeesarethemostefficient，作record的宾语，逗号之后的现在分词结构allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly作全句的状语。第二句话是个典型的主谓宾结构的简单句，they指thesecomputers.
[参考译文]同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。
6.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.
语法：黑体部分分别是这个句子的主语、谓语和宾语，中间两个from…to…是enterprises的同位语。
[参考译文]不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。
7.Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.
语法：前一个句子的主干部分已经用加粗字体标出来，insomesignificantway是状语，ofthesameage作定语说明其他人的年龄跟残疾儿童的年龄一样。第二句有for引导目的状语从句，主句的主语为education.
[参考译文]残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。
8.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.
语法：这句话的主干句就是Thegreatinterestindicatesfeelings.That引导的是feelings的同位语从句，whatevertheirspecialconditions是用来修饰allcitizens的
[参考译文]在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。
9.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.
语法：thereby和so连接两个谓语，有递进的含义，主语都是it，斜体的词都是it的谓语。
[参考译文]它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。
10.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.
语法：Apartfrom意思是除此之外，包括或者不包括短语后面的事物，根据语境推断，这个句子就是包括了后面的提到的thefact,that引导fact的同位语从句。句子的主语是noregularadvertiser,dare是一个情态动词，表示敢做sth.最后一个that引导product的定语从句。
[参考译文]除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。
2016GCT阅读理解句子结构分析、长难句讲解-8.25
阅读长难句
一、拆分英语长难句三原则
1.并列转折原则
长难句由于句子较长，多表现为并列结构。可以破折号、分号、并列连词and或or、转折连词but、yet、while等为切入点，将各个长句断为分句。
2.主句从句原则各种从句的交替出现是长难句的显著特点之一，我们可以从各种从句的标志性引导词入手（定语从句的关系代词或副词who，whom，whose，which，that，as，when，where，while，how；名词性从句的关系代词或关系副词who，whom，which，what，that，whether，when，where，why，how等；状语从句的when，as，since，until，before，after，where，because，though，although，sothat等）将各个分句断为主句和从句。
3.短语成分原则无论是主句还是从句，都是由词和短语构成的。其中，介词短语或者不定式短语由于充当定语或状语的枝叶成分而成为我们解决的重点。常见的介词有on,in,with,at,of,to,by等；而不定式短语的标志词是to（后接动词原形）。找出并暂时去掉介词短语或不定式短语能帮助我们迅速抓住句子的主干，而将其妥善还原，则有利于对句子的正确理解。
http://www.oh100.com nveyed---andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.
二、长难句释例
定语从句
1.Whenwetalkaboutsomeone’spersonality,wemeanthewaysdifferentfromothers.
2.Andthelimitedinvestmentsmuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.
名词从句
1.Responsiblepublicofficialshavepointedoutthebiologicaleffectsofchemicalsarecumulative(积累的)overlongperiodsoftime,andthatthedangertotheindividualmaydependonthesumoftheexposuresreceivedthroughouthislifetime.
2.Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremiseinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalsspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,however,thisstruggleinnatureiscompetition,notconflict.
3.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact;iftheyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.
4.Advancedlearnersfromthiskindofbackgroundwillnotevaluateadictionaryonhowuser-friendlyitisbutwillalsohavedefiniteviewsaboutthescopeandappropriateneofthevarioussocio-culturalentries.状语从句
1.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.
2.Itsoundslike“learningtodriveacar”,thatis,itsoundsasifthereissomesetofdefiniteskillsthat,oncerequired,enableonetouseacomputer.
3.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.
4.Insomewhatsimilarfashion,computerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlife,particularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication.
5.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpand
territoryattheexpenseofothers,andthusleadtoconflict,itcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis.
分词作状语（非谓语动词）
1.Expertshavestudiedtheareasmostaffectedandhavedrawnupamapforlocalpeople,forecastingtheyearinwhichtheirhomeswillbeswallowedupbythehungrysea.
2.Giventhecomplexities,andambiguitiesassociatedwithsatisfyingmanydiverseconstituents,theexecutivesperceivedthatconflictledtomoreconsideredandacceptabledecisions.
分割结构
1.Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.
2.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotation（乐谱）hasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.
http://www.oh100.com nflict,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother,isdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.
4.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthepeoplewhoposseit,whethertheyworkin
manufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.
5.Evenso,trueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterview,especiallytelevisioninterviews,requiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudy,asthisbookindicates.
GCT-2016
Lazy?Shy?Liveinacave?Thosemightnotbepositiveattributesfortheaveragehuman,buttheysurearegoodforanimalstryingtosurviveinachangingenvironment.Accordingtoanewstudy,beaststhathibernate(冬眠)orcrawlintoholesarelelikelytobelistedasendangeredthanthosethatdon't.
Followingupapreviousstudyonextinctanimals,whichshowedthatspeciesexhibiting"sleeporhide"(SLOH)behaviorsdidbetterthanothers,theresearcherswantedtoseeifthesamewastrueofmoderncreatureslikemolesandbears.Tofindoutifourmoretimidanimalshavealegupinthesurvivalgame,researchersmadeamasterlistof443sleep-or-hidemammals.
Withtheirlistinhand,theteamcomparedtheir443tothe"redlist"ofendangeredspeciespublishedbytheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature.Assuspected,asleepyorhidinganimalwaslelikelytobeontheredlistthanaregularanimal,andared-listanimalwas
alsolelikelytobeaSLOH-er.
Thismakesalotofsense,asanimalsthathideawayinacaveoratreeholeareprotectedbytheirphysicalsheltersfromavariableenvironmentoutside,whilehibernatorsenjoyaflexiblemetabolism(新陈代谢)thatcanhelpthemadapttoachangingclimate.
16.Onthelistofextinctanimalsstudied,therewere_____________.
A.fewerSLOH-ersthanregularanimals
B.moreSLOH-ersthanexpected
C.asmanySLOH-ersasregularanimals
D.hardlyanySLOH-ers
17.Thephrase"alegup"inParagraph2probablymeans__________.
A.aninstinctB.anadvantage
C.afightD.achance
18.Thestudyofmodemcreatures___________.
A.isunrelatedtothestudyofextinctanimals
B.findsevidencemissinginthestudyofextinctanimals
C.hasfindingssimilartothoseofthestudyofextinctanimals
D.revealsadifferentpatternfromthestudyofextinctanimals
19.Accordingtothepassage,red-listanimalsaremorelikelyto____________.
A.belazyB.betimid
C.livelongD.sleepless
http://www.oh100.com helastparagraphtheauthor____________.
http://www.oh100.com paresthebehaviorsofsleepersandhiders
B.offersanexplanationforthesurvivalofsleepersandhiders
C.analyzeshowachangingenvironmentaffectsSLOH-ers
D.emphasizeswhatcanbelearnedfromSLOH-ers
英语四级阅读长难句句子结构分析(16)
英语四级阅读长难句句子结构分析(16)
分词和从句
分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)和分词短语在英语中使用非常普遍，在句子中可以充当补语,定语,状语等成分。在成分复杂的句子中，有时分词的出现易同谓语动词的被动式或者进行时搞混，造成句子主干的判断错误。带有自己主语的分词独立结构由于同非限制性定语从句和插入语一样需要逗号同句子的其他成分分开，因此常会误认为是非限制性定语或插入语。有些从句，尤其是定语从句，其形式变化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。
Excrise
Someonewithahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanlewillgointooldagemorecongnitivelysoundthansomeonewhohasnothadanactivemind.
Whenbuildingspaceonthegroundbecomesscarceusemustbemadeofthespaceintheair.
Whenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheorheboughtisfaultyorinsomewaydoesnotliveuptothemanufacturer'sclaimforit,thefirststepistopresentthewarrantyoranyotherrecordswhichmighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.
要点：句首的someone后有介词短语withahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanle对其进行修饰。第二个someone后有一个定语从句1
whohasnothadanactivemind对其进行修饰。“sound”在此句中的意思为“健康，健全”。
译文:经常积极思考的人进入老年后,比不积极思考的人在认知方面更加健康.
要点：主句的谓语usemustbemadeofthespaceintheair.是被动语态。在英语中“动词+名词+介词”类的短语将主动语态改为被动语态有两种改法。一种是将词组中的名词上升为主语;另一种是将介词后面的宾语升为主语。
举例：主语态：Theytakecareofthebabies.
被动态1Careofthebabiesaretakenbythem.
被动态2Thebabiesaretakencarebythem.
在本句中是采用了第一种做法，全句的主动语态为Wemusttakeuseofthespaceintheair.
译文：当地面的建筑空间变得紧张时，我们必须在空中拓展空间。要点：when引导时间状语从句，直到逗号为止。"anitem"后有定语从句"sheorhebought"对其修饰，"insomeway"意为在某一方面，"liveupto"意为达到。。。标准。
译文：消费者一旦发现所购商品有缺陷或者在某一方面不能达到生产厂家宣称的标准，应采取的第一步是向购物商店出示保单或其他有效的证据。
2