如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句读起来也很费力,总之作者可根据情况使句子多样化使文章灵活多姿,人们最喜欢采用复杂句尤其是和这两款接着便是并列句,把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。
让句子多样化
如何让句子多样化
一篇好文章的条件很多。除了内容丰富和组织紧密之外,词汇的运用和句子的处理,也起着决定性作用
句子可长可短,同一件事,可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句,文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句,读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础,配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短,通常要加些附属成分,如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语,以及节缩成分。
总之,作者可根据情况,使句子多样化,使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样,但是句式不同,内容重点也有些差别:
(1)Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarmandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(并列分句(1)+2)
(2)Grazingpeacefully,thegoatsinthefarmwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(现在分语短语+简单句)
(3)Inthefarm,thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2))
(4)Thereweregoatsgrazingpeacefullyinthefarm,unawareoftheapproachinghunter.(简单句+形容语短语)
(5)Asthegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm,theywereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(原因副词从句+主句)
(1)和(5)的句式最常见;如果加上其他三种互相交替,句子不是更多样化吗?
最后,看看这两个句子要怎样多样化呢?
(6)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining.
(7)Hefeltveryuneasy.
------------------------------------------------------
(a)Theyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastrainingfeltveryuneasy.
(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.
(c)Theyoungpilot''sfirstoverseastrainingmadehimfeelveryuneasy.
(d)Extremeuneasineseizedtheyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastraining.
(e)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feelingveryuneasy.
(f)Itbeinghisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.
(g)Beingonhisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.
(h)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastrainingandfeltveryuneasy.
(i)Theyoungpilot,whowasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feltveryuneasy.(j)Whentheyoungpilotwasonhis/firstoverseastrainging,hefeltveryuneasy.
(k)Astheyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.
(l)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,sothathefeltveryuneasy.
在上述12个句子中,(a)-(g)是简单句;(h)是并列句;(i)-(l)是复杂句。简单句除(b)和(g)之外,其他五样,用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复杂句,尤其是(j)和(k)这两款;接着便是并列句(h)。如果大多数人的句子只限于(b),(g),(h),(j)和(k)这五种,而其他的则弃如敝屣,不是很可惜吗?
增强英语语句表现力的有效方法
一、避免使用语意弱的“be”动词。
1、把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。例如:
Weak:Thetreesarebare.Thegraisbrown.Thelandscapeseemsdrab.Revision:Thebrowngraandbaretreesformadrablandscape.(转换为前置定语)
Or:Thelandscape,bareandbrown,beggedforspringgreen.(转换为并列结构作后置定语)
2、将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。例如:
1)Weak:Theteammembersaregoodplayers.
Revision:Theteammembersplaywell.
2)Weak:Oneworker'splanistheeliminationoftardiness.
Revision:Oneworker'splaneliminatestardiness.
3、在以“here”或“there”开头的句子中,把“be”动词后的名词代词变成改写句的主语。例如:
1)Weak:Thereisnoopportunityforpromotion.
Revision:Noopportunityforpromotionexists.
2)Weak:Herearethebooksyouordered
Revision:Thebooksyouorderedhavearrived.
二、多用语意具体的动词,保持句意简洁明了。例如:
1、Poor:Mysupervisorwentpastmydesk.
Better:Mysupervisorsauntered(=walkedslowly)pastmydesk.
2、Poor:Sheisacarefulshopper.
Better:Shecomparespricesandquality.
三、尽量运用主动语态。例如:
1、Weak:Theorganizationhasbeensupportedbycharity.
Better:Charityhassupportedtheorganization.
2、Weak:Thebiscuitswerestackedonaplate.
Better:Motherstackedthebiscuitsonaplate.
四、防止使用语意冗长累赘的词语。例如:
1、Wordy:Mylittlesisterhasapreferenceforchocolatemilk.
Improved:Mylittlesisterpreferschocolatemilk.
2、Wordy:Weareinreceiptofyourletterandintendtofollowyourrecommendations.
Improved:Wehavereceivedyourletterandintendedtofollowyourrecommendation.
3、Redundant:Wehadaseriouscrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.
Improved:Wehadacrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.
4、Redundant:MysisterandIboughtthesame,identicaldreindifferentstores.
Improved:MysisterandIboughtthesamedreindifferentstores.
五、杜绝滥用陈旧词语或难懂的专业术语。例如:
1、Weak:Theywillnotagreetohisproposalsinanyshapeorform.
Improved:Theywillnotagreetoanyofhisproposals.
2、Weak:IneedherfinancialinputbeforeIcanguesstimateourexpendituresnextfall
Improved:IneedherfinancialfiguresbeforeIcanestimateourexpendituresnextfall.
正确使用连词
Causeandeffect因果关系
标志词
1)表示原因的because,as,since,dueto,owingto(画横线的连接词请重点掌握)
2)表示结果的hence(因此),thus(因此),therefore(因此),Asaconsequence,…(作为结果)Accordingly…(相应的),Asaresult…(作为结果)Consequently…(作为结果)so…that…(如此…以致…)
E.g.Theecologicalproblemsarebeingaggravated.Hence,itisimperativethatwetakemeasurestocurbthepollutionoftheenvironment.
生态系统正在急剧的恶化,因此,我们必须采取严厉的措施遏制对环境的污染.
Exemplification举例关系
标志词…isacaseinpoint.(某人或某事是一个恰当的例子.)Take…forexample.(以…为例)forinstance.(比如…)ToIllustrate…(例如…)Asanillustration…(作为例证…)
e.g.TheAsiancountriesaregettingwesternizedatastaggeringrate.TakeChinaforexample,whenyoungstersgotothemovies,itisstandardpracticeforthemtochooseHollywoodblockbusteroverdomesticfilms.
亚洲国家正以一种惊人的速度变得西方化,以中国为例,当年轻人去电影院的时候,通常都会选择好莱坞大片而不是中国电影.Comparisonandcontrast对比关系
标志词While…,whereas…,whilst…,incontrast
http://www.oh100.com (对比)
现代人的生活是如此的奔忙与紧张,而我们的祖先却可以不慌不忙的从事他们的事务.
e.g.Theeducationalandmedicalfacilitiesinbigcitiesaremostlyveryadvanced.Incontrast,theircounterpartsinthecountrytendtobeofinferiorquality.
Concession让步关系
标志词Despite/inspiteof…(后面只能跟名词名词词组或者动名词)(尽管有…),albeit…(尽管,后面只能跟形容词或者介词短语),形容词+asitmaybe…(尽管,前面只能加形容词),Nonetheless/Nevertheless,(尽管如此)
e.g.1Toughasitmaybetogetaccustomedtoanewculture,itwillproveveryrewarding.
尽管适应新的文化可能很难,但这会被证明是很值得的.
2RoteLearningisattimesnecessary,albeitmonotonous.
死记硬背有时候是必要的,尽管很枯燥和机械.
3Thegovernmentplaysacrucialroleinscientificresearch,Nonetheless,privatecompaniesholdcertainadvantagesinconductingscientificresearch.
Definition下定义关系
标志词Aisbestcharacterizedby…(A最明显的特征是…),Aconstitutes…(A构成…)Ameans…,Aconsistsof…(A由…组成).
e.g.Afinejournalistisbestcharacterizedbydiscipline,determinationandkeenobservations.
一个好的记者最重要的特点是自律,毅力和敏锐的观察.
Animalexperimentation,insomecases,constitutescallousabuseoftestanimals.
Supposition假设论证,
标志词providedthat…(如果)giventhechoice…(如果可以选择的话…)onlyif…(只有…)aslongas…(只要)if…,supposethat…e.g.Providedthatwecanminimizethepainoftestanimals,animalexperimentationshouldbecontinued.
e.g.Giventhechoice,manypeoplewouldliveinbigcitiesratherthanthecountryside.
Modification修饰关系
标志词that,which,who
Inthisdayage,wehaveaproliferationofbuildingsthatlookexactlylikethebuildingsourancestorsbuilt.
Today,teenagestudentsareunderincreasinglyseverestreintheirstudies,whichhasdisturbedandalarmedmanyadults.对于其中的标志性词汇的总结更是对大家写作有很大的帮助的。大家在备考自己的雅思写作考试的时候,可以根据题目的不同,选择不同的连接词进行适当的应用。
雅思写作:如何让你的句子开头多样化
雅思写作:如何让你的句子开头多样化
在多年的写作教学中,笔者发现很多雅思和新托福考生在写作中无法灵活运用句子结构,无法实现句子结构的多样化运用。很多考生为此费尽心思,不知道该从何处着手练习,使文章中的句子能够多样化。事实上,我们可以采用不同的句子开头使句子多样化。朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家认为,写作的时候不应该总是用“subject-verb-object”的结构顺序,而应该尽量用不同的方式展开一个句子。不同的句子开头既可以美化句子,同时也能使句子与句子之间自然过度,衔接自然,以免过于依赖过渡词。在雅思和新托福考试中,写作考官对句子结构的多样化也是非常重视的。下面,朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家将给广大考生介绍几种使句子开头多样化的方式方法。
【副词开头】
(1)副词修饰全句
Luckily,hedidn'tknowmyphonenumber;otherwise,hewouldbotherme.Incredibly,HelenagotstraightAinherschoolreportthissemester.
Interestingly,catsanddogscanhardlygetalongwellinahouse.
修饰全句常用的副词有:obviously,undoubtedly,apparently,fortunately,clearly,unfortunately,incredibly,luckily,unluckily,surprisingly,frighteningly等。
这些副词大多数表示说话人对全句的看法,在意思上相当于“Itis...形容词that...”。
比如:
Obviously,heisnervousaboutthetest.
=Itisobviousthatheisnervousaboutthetest.
1
Unfortunately,hetrippedoverandfellinthemud.
=Itisunfortunatethathetrippedoverandfellinthemud.
(2)强调副词
Hurriedly,themandrewmeascratchmaptoshowmethedirection.
Dangerously,thedrunkardspeddownthestreet.
Slowlyandgently,snowflakesweredriftingdownfromthesky.
(3)副词表示某一地域或某一领域
Geographically,Canadaisthebiggestcountryintheworld.
Financially,sheisindependent,butemotionallysheisdependent.
【插入语开头】
用插入语开头,表示说话人的态度,或使句子的意思更加准确:
Strangelyenough,Jenniferdoesnotenjoysunshineandbeach.
Generallyspeaking,winterinVancouverisgloomy.
类似的插入语有:nowonder,nodoubt,inotherwords,inmyopinion,inconclusion,infact,asamatteroffact等。
【形容词和形容词短语开头】
用形容词、并列形容词或形容词短语开头,修饰句子的主语,表示主语的特征或状态:Frantic,theyoungmotherrushedoutthedoorwiththebabyinherarms.
Tastyandcrisp,potatochipisafavoritesnackforbothchildrenandadults.
Happyathisgoodmarksatschool, http://www.oh100.com sperateandhopeless,thepoormancommittedsuicide.
2
【分词和分词短语开头】
(1)修饰句子主语,表示主语所处的状态或主语同时进行的另一个较谓语动词次要的动作Scared,thegirlmovedtimidlyandcautiouslyintothedarkroom.(状态)
Casedbymydearpetcat,themousedashedintoasmallhole.(状态)
Spoiledbyhisparents,thenaughtyboyalwaysinsistsonthingshewants.(状态)Puffingandhugging,hefinishedhisrun.(另一动作)
Lookingatherselfinthemirror,shefingeredhersilkscarfonhershoulder.(另一动作)
(2)修饰谓语动词,表示原因、时间等
Lyingdownonthecouch,hefeltmuchrelaxed.(时间)
Feelingbored,sheturnedontheTVandswitchedfromchanneltochannel.(原因)Wantingtofindoutthebusinehour,shecalledthestore.(原因)
Havingcompletedtheform,hemaileditoutimmediately.(时间)
【介词短语开头】
用介词短语开头,表示句子谓语动词发生的时间、地点、方式、原因、条件等:
Onseeinghimapproach,thegirlimmediatelyturnedherfacetoashopwindowpretendingtolookatsomethingthere.(时间)
Aroundthecorner,acrowdgathered.(地点)
Unlikehisfather,Petertouchesneithercigarettesnoralcohol.(方式)
Duetothelimitofseats,hewasnotaccepted.(原因)
Incaseoffire,usethestairways.(条件)
【动词不定式开头】
动词不定式开头,强调谓语动词动作的目的:
TocelebratethearrivaloftheMillennium,weheldagrandpartyinthehotel.
Toshowmytrustonhim,Ideposited$10,000intohisbankaccount.
【独立分词短语开头】
用独立分词短语开头,使句子有正式的味道:
Birdssinginginthetree,anotherroutinedaystarts.
Seagullsflyingoverthewater,theoldfishermanflunghisfishingmeatintotheopensea.
Adogfollowingthem,thepolicesearchedeverysuspect.
【过渡句开头】
用过渡句开头,表示此句与上下句的关系:
Consequently,Isloweddowntoavoidafineticket.
Infact,shewasakindheartedwoman.
【同位语开头】
Asigningofficerofthebank,Janesignshernamehundredsoftimeseachdayatwork.
ATVaddict,JimwatchesTVmoviesoneafteranothereveryeveninguntilaftermidnight.
【副词从句开头】
用副词从句开头,表示主句谓语动词发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、条件等:Whenyouareinneedofhelp,givemeacall.
Whereveryougo,Ifollow.
Sinceyourchildrenlovehamburgersandfries,wemightaswelleatinMacDonald.Asifitweresummer,everybodywearshortsandaT-shirt.
Incasethatyougetlost,callmeatthisnumber.
【名词从句开头】
用名词从句开头,作整句的主语:
Whetheryoutakethepositionornotmakesgreatdifferencetome.
WhyIamunhappyissomethingIcan'texplain.
Whattheyshoulddoabouttheholeintheroofistheirmostpressingproblem.
从以上朗阁海外考试研究中心介绍的诸多句子开头方法与例句中,我们可以领略到句式变化的多样性。考生们如果能够掌握上述方法,就会发现我们从原来最常用的名词和代词作主语的句式,变为如此多样化的句子开头。与此同时,灵活的运用句子结构实现句型结构的多样化也不再是一件困难的事。
英语写作技巧-怎样使句子多样化
一篇好文章的条件很多。除了内容丰富和组织紧密之外,词汇的运用和句子的处理,也起着决定性作用。
句子可长可短,同一件事,可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句,文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句,读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础,配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短,通常要加些附属成分,如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语,以及节缩成分。
总之,作者可根据情况,使句子多样化,使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样,但是句式不同,内容重点也有些差别:
(1)Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarmandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(并列分句(1)+2)
(2)Grazingpeacefully,thegoatsinthefarmwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(现在分语短语+简单句)
(3)Inthefarm,thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2))
(4)Thereweregoatsgrazingpeacefullyinthefarm,unawareoftheapproachinghunter.(简单句+形容语短语)
(5)Asthegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm,theywereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(原因副词从句+主句)
(1)和(5)的句式最常见;如果加上其他三种互相交替,句子不是更多样化吗?最后,看看这两个句子要如何多样化呢?
(6)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining.
(7)Hefeltveryuneasy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a)Theyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastrainingfeltveryuneasy.
(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.
(c)Theyoungpilot'sfirstoverseastrainingmadehimfeelveryuneasy.
(d)Extremeuneasineseizedtheyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastraining.(e)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feelingveryuneasy.(f)Itbeinghisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.
(g)Beingonhisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.
(h)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastrainingandfeltveryuneasy.(i)Theyoungpilot,whowasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feltveryuneasy.
(j)Whentheyoungpilotwasonhis/firstoverseastrainging,hefeltveryuneasy.(k)Astheyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.(l)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,sothathefeltveryuneasy.在上述12个句子中,(a)-(g)是简单句;(h)是并列句;(i)-(l)是复杂句。简单句除(b)和(g)之外,其他五样,用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复杂句,尤其是(j)和(k)这两款;接着便是并列句(h)。如果大多数人的句子只限于(b),(g),(h),(j)和(k)这五种,而其他的则弃如敝屣,不是很可惜吗?
增强英语语句表现力的有效方法
一、避免使用语意弱的“be”动词。
1、把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。例如:
Weak:Thetreesarebare.Thegraisbrown.Thelandscapeseemsdrab.
Revision:Thebrowngraandbaretreesformadrablandscape.(转换为前置定语)Or:Thelandscape,bareandbrown,beggedforspringgreen.(转换为并列结构作后置定语)
2、将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。例如:
1)Weak:Theteammembersaregoodplayers.
Revision:Theteammembersplaywell.
2)Weak:Oneworker'splanistheeliminationoftardiness.
Revision:Oneworker'splaneliminatestardiness.
3、在以“here”或“there”开头的句子中,把“be”动词后的名词代词变成改写句的主语。例如:
1)Weak:Thereisnoopportunityforpromotion.
Revision:Noopportunityforpromotionexists.
2)Weak:Herearethebooksyouordered.
Revision:Thebooksyouorderedhavearrived.
二、多用语意具体的动词,保持句意简洁明了。例如:
1、Poor:Mysupervisorwentpastmydesk.
Better:Mysupervisorsauntered(=walkedslowly)pastmydesk.
2、Poor:Sheisacarefulshopper.
Better:Shecomparespricesandquality.
三、尽量运用主动语态。例如:
1、Weak:Theorganizationhasbeensupportedbycharity.
Better:Charityhassupportedtheorganization.
2、Weak:Thebiscuitswerestackedonaplate.
Better:Motherstackedthebiscuitsonaplate.
四、防止使用语意冗长累赘的词语。例如:
1、Wordy:Mylittlesisterhasapreferenceforchocolatemilk.
Improved:Mylittlesisterpreferschocolatemilk.
2、Wordy:Weareinreceiptofyourletterandintendtofollowyourrecommendations.Improved:Wehavereceivedyourletterandintendedtofollowyourrecommendation.
3、Redundant:Wehadaseriouscrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.
Improved:Wehadacrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.
4、Redundant:MysisterandIboughtthesame,identicaldreindifferentstores.Improved:MysisterandIboughtthesamedreindifferentstores.
五、杜绝滥用陈旧词语或难懂的专业术语。例如:
1、Weak:Theywillnotagreetohisproposalsinanyshapeorform.
Improved:Theywillnotagreetoanyofhisproposals.
2、Weak:IneedherfinancialinputbeforeIcanguesstimateourexpendituresnextfall.
Improved:IneedherfinancialfiguresbeforeIcanestimateourexpendituresnextfall.