二作文中常见的有关句子方面的问题,因此写作时不妨多变换几种表达方式如,词性误用常表现为介词当动词用形容词当副词用名词当动词用等,人一旦有了钱他就能想干什么就干什么。
英语写作句子
1.随着经济的繁荣withtheboomingoftheeconomy
2.随着人民生活水平的显著提高withtheremarkableimprovementofpeople'slivingstandard
3.先进的科学技术advancedscienceandtechnology
4.为我们日常生活增添了情趣addmuchspice/flavortoourdailylife
5.人们普遍认为Itiscommonlybelievedthat…
6.我同意前者(后者)观点Igivemyvotetotheformer/latteropinion.
7.引起了广泛的公众关注Sth.hasarousedwidepublicconcern./Sthhasdrawngreatpublicattention.
8.不可否认Itisundeniablethat…
9.热烈的讨论/争论aheateddiscussion/debate
10.有争议性的问题acontroversialissue
11.就我而言/就个人而言AsfarasIamconcerned,/Personally,
12.有充分的理由支持besupportedbysoundreasons
13.双方的论点argumentonbothsides
14.发挥日益重要作用playanincreasinglyimportantrolein…
15.对…必不可少beindispensableto…
16.正如谚语所说Astheproverbgoes:
17.对…产生有利/不利的影响exertpositive/negativeeffectson…
18.利远远大于弊Theadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.
19.导致,引起leadto/giveriseto/contributeto/resultin
20.复杂的社会现象acomplicatedsocialphenomenon
21.责任感/成就感senseofresponsibility/achievement
22.竞争与合作精神senseofcompetitionandcooperation
23.开阔眼界widenone'shorizon/broadenone'svision
24.学习知识和技能acquireknowledgeandskills
25.经济/心理负担financialburden/psychologicalburden
26.考虑到诸多因素takemanyfactorsintoconsideration
27.从另一个角度fromanotherperspective
28.做出共同努力makejointefforts
29.对…有益bebeneficialto/beconduciveto…
30.为社会做贡献makecontributionstothesociety
31.打下坚实的基础layasolidfoundationfor…
32.综合素质comprehensivequality
33.致力于/投身于becommitted/devotedto…
34.应当承认Admittedly,
35.不可推卸的义务unshakableduty
36.满足需求satisfy/meettheneedsof...
37.可靠的信息源areliablesourceofinformation
38.宝贵的自然资源valuablenaturalresources
39.因特网theInternet(一定要由冠词,字母I大写)
40.方便快捷convenientandefficient
41.在人类生活的方方面面inallaspectsofhumanlife
42.环保的材料environmentallyfriendlymaterials
43.社会进步的体现asymbolofsocietyprogress
44.大大方便了人们的生活Sthhasgreatlyfacilitatedpeople'slives.
45.对这一问题持有不同态度holddifferentattitudestowardsthisissue
46.在一定程度上tosomeextent
47.理论和实践相结合integratetheorywithpractice
48.…必然趋势anirresistibletrendof…
49.日益激烈的社会竞争theincreasinglykeensocialcompetition
50.眼前利益immediateinterest/short-terminterest
51.长远利益long-teminterest
52.…有其自身的优缺点…hasitsownmeritsanddemerits/prosandcons
53.对…有害doharmto/beharmfulto/bedetrimentalto
54.交流思想/情感/信息exchangeideas/emotions/information
55.跟上…的最新发展keeppacewith/keepabreastwiththelatestdevelopmentof…
56.…的健康发展thehealthydevelopmentof…
57.重视attachgreatimportanceto…
58.社会地位socialstatus
59.把时间和精力放在…上focusone'stimeandenergyon…
60.扩大知识面expandone'sscopeofknowledge
61.身心两方面bothphysicallyandmentally
62.有直接/间接关系bedirectly/indirectlyrelatedto…
63.导致很多问题giveriseto/leadto/spellvariousproblems
64.可以替代think的词believe,claim,maintain,argue,insist,holdtheopinion/belief/viewthat
65.缓解压力/减轻负担relievestre/burden
66.优先考虑/发展…give(top)prioritytosth.
67.与…比较comparedwith…/incomparisonwith
68.可降解的/可分解的材料degradable/decomposablematerial
69.代替replace/substitute/taketheplaceof
70.提供就业机会offerjobopportunities
71.反映了社会进步的mirrorthesocialprogress/advance
72.增进相互了解enhance/promotemutualunderstanding
73.充分利用makefulluseof/takeadvantageof
74.承受更大的工作压力sufferfromheavierworkpressure
75.保障社会稳定和繁荣guaranteethestabilityandprosperityofoursociety
76.更多地强调putmoreemphasison…
77.适应社会发展adaptoneselftothesocialdevelopment
78.实现梦想realizeone'sdream
79.主要理由列举如下Themain/leadingreasonsarelistedasfollows:
80.我们还有很长的路要走Westillhavealongwaytogo.
英语写作:句子
句子
一、句子的基本常识
1.英文的基本句型
1)主+系+表:Iamauniversitystudent./Ifeelproudofmyself./Theleavesturngreenwhenspringcomes.
2)主+动+(状):Istudyveryhard./IhavepreparedfortheTEM-4foralongtime.
3)主+动+宾:IreadEnglishbooks./I’vememorizedallthewordsinthewordlist.
4)主+动+宾+宾:Prof.Kanggavemealotofassignmentseveryday./Iwrotemyteacheraletteryesterday.
5)主+动+宾+补:Thelittleboyfoundtheboxempty./We’llmakeourcountrygreenerandmorebeautiful.
2.英文句子的特性
Unity;Coherence,Conciseness;Emphasis;Variety
二.作文中常见的有关句子方面的问题
1、句式的口语化
口语化的特点在句型上表现为简单句的比例远远超过复杂句和复合句。
A.句型多样化
句型多样化指在语法正确、结构完整的前提下,根据句意使句式富有变化,生动活泼,重点突出,以增加文章的“闪光点”。写作时如果只用主语+谓语+宾语的简单形式,就会使文章因句式简单而显得平淡枯燥。例如:
Manypeoplewatchtelevision.Theyspendsomuchtimeinfrontofit.Theyneverreallyexperiencetheirownlives.
这几个句子读起来简单乏味,句子之间缺乏必要的联系,但如果适当地将各句连接起来,改为Manypeoplespendsomuchtimeinfrontoftelevisionthattheyneverreallyexperiencedtheirownlives.就会使之更生动一些。
句式变化并不意味着将简单句都变成复合句或并列复合句,而是要根据词句关系,运用一些写作技巧和相关词语使句式更灵活、活泼。例如,考生在写作时非常喜欢用Weshould…来表明一种态度或做法。如果一篇作文中几次出现这样的句型,就会使文章显得单1
调、死板、句型单一。因此,写作时不妨多变换几种表达方式,如:
Itwillbewiseforusto…
Itisimportantforusto…
Onlywhenwetakemeasuresnow,canwe…
下面是几种常见的变换句型的方式,供参考:
a.运用从属连词(after,because,if,although,sothat,etc.)
Thethiefdisguisedhimself.Noonewouldrecognizehim.
----Thethiefdisguisedhimself,sothatnoonewouldrecognizehim.
b.运用分词、不定式短语、介词短语和副词等,置于句首,使句型多样化
Hesawanoldwomangetonthebus,hequicklystooduptoofferhertheseat.
-----Seeinganoldwomangetonthebus,hequicklystooduptoofferhertheseat.
c.运用同位语形式
Mydesiretogoabroadwillsoonbecomeareality.Ithasbeenadreamallofmylife.
----Mydesiretogoabroad,adreamallofmylife,willsoonbecomeareality.
d.使用强调句、倒装句等句型
Itmustbemadeuseofproperly,thenitcanproducegoodeffects.
----Onlywhenitismadeuseofproperly,canitproducegoodeffects.
Englishbecomesmoreimportant.Allofusknowthefact.Oursocietyismoreopentotheworld.Butitisdifficulttolearn.IhavelearnedEnglishforsevenyears.ButIstillcannotcommanditwell.BecauseEnglishisdifferentfromChinese.Andwehaven’tanenvironment.
整篇文章成了简单句的堆积。这种作文只能是中学生的英语水平,语法基本没问题,但句子支离破碎,语义缺少连贯,句型没有变化。请看修改后的文章。
ItiswellknownthatEnglishhasbecomeincreasinglyimportant,especiallytoasocietymoreopentotheoutsideworld.Itisdifficult,however,tohaveabettercommandofit----althoughIhavelearnedEnglishfor7years---becauseofitscompletedifferencefromChineseandofthelackofanEnglish-speakingenvironment.
同样的意思,文章的质量就完全不一样:句型复杂有变化,语义连贯有层次。
2
B.结构变化
一篇文章中要力求句子结构丰富多样。除了简单句,我们可用and,notonly…butalso等连接的复合句,用because,if,although,which等连接的复杂句,用分词短语,介词短语,不定式短语结构。那么除了这些在我们的作文中还可以看到的结构,还有一些较少在我们作文中看到的结构,更能使文章增光添彩。
a.双重否定句
b.比较级句
比较英汉句子,英语通过比较级来表达意思的句子远比汉语多得多。
c.同位语
d.平行排比句
e.设问句
f.后置修饰语
g.插入语
h.被动句
i.名词化句子
WatchingtoomuchTVwillaffectyourstudies.
----HeavyexposuretoTVwillinterferewithone’sstudies.
j.运用破折符号
就句子而言,能够运用复杂,且句式不同的句子结构来表达思想是一篇文章老练成熟的标志。
2、中式英语过于严重,用汉语思维,逐字翻译
许多学生的作文汉语味道十足、特别生硬。
大哥bigbrother(elderbrother),家庭教师afamilyteacher(atutor),售货员asellinggoodsperson(salesman),抓住机会catch/grasptheopportunity(seizetheopportunity),找借口findanexcuse(makeanexcuse),一贫如洗aspoorasiswashed(aspooraschurchmouse),大雨bigrain(heavyrain),遵守时间obeythetime(bepunctual),多如牛毛asmuchasacow’shair(asplentifulasblackberries)
3
再比如:
a.我父亲很有意思。Myfatherisamanofmeaning.
b.我作弊没有被发现,很幸运。Iwastheluckoftheexam.
以下是作文中常出现的汉化英语及其改进,
a.Theartists’workpushesourcivilizationtoahigherlevel.
---Artists’workupgradesourcivilization.
b.Hewillgetahighersalarytoimprovehislivinglevel.
---Hewillgetahighersalary,thusimprovinghislife.
c.Theycan’tanalyzeclearlywhatisrightandwhatiswrong.
---Thecan’ttellrightfromwrong.
d.Inordertosuittheneedsofenteringintowork,studentsmustgraspsometechnicalskills.---Inordertomeettheneedsofenteringintowork,studentsmustlearnsomepracticalskills.e.Nooneknowsallthethings.
---Nooneknowseverything.
3、表达不清楚
1)句子错误
a.粘连句(Fusedsentence&Run-onsentence)
粘连句指一句话中包含两个或更多的意思,但是这些意思之间没有用恰当的标点等分割开来。比如:
Imetanoldmanwasstandingbythestreet.
---Imetanoldmanwhowasstandingbythestreet.
---Imetanoldman.Hewasstandingbythestreet.
Allthegiftswehaveorderedhavearrivedmanyofthemarebroken.
---Allthegiftswehaveorderedhavearrived.Manyofthemarebroken.
b.逗号连接句(Commasplice)
逗号连接句指用逗号连接两个分句。在汉语中,我们可以用逗号连接两句话,但是英语中的逗号只能表明语气上的短暂停顿,而不能表示两个分句之间的逻辑关系。4
Mycarwouldn’tstartthismorning,thebatterywasdead.
---Mycarwouldn’---Mycarwouldn’tstartthismorning;thebatterywasdead.
Itisrainingheavilyoutside,sheisstilltyingtogotothetheater.Weareoutofmoney,wedecidenottoeatoutontheweekend.c.不完整句(Sentencefragment)
不完整句指那些看似一句话,但实际上只是一个句子的一部分的结构。如果我们不小心,就可能在作文中写出一些自以为是句子但实际上只是一个短语的东西来。比如:Shewentonwithherwork.Crying.Aftersheturedthestreetcorner,ahugebuildingwithpeoplerushinginandoutcontinuously.
---Aftersheturedthestreetcorner,ahugebuildingwithpeoplerushinginandoutcontinuously.
Manypeopledon’tlikelivinginbigcities.Becausethelifeistoobusythere.
---Manypeopledon’d.修饰语位置错误(Misplacedmodifier)
Misplacedwords---adverbs
Henearlylosttendollarslastnight.(Didhehaveanarrowescapebutlosenothing?)
MisplacedphrasesMisplacedclausese.垂悬修饰语(Danglingmodifier)
垂悬修饰语是指和句子中的其它成分没有任何语法联系的一组词。
Afterfinishinghisspeech,theaudiencewasinvitedtoaskquestions.
---Afterfinishinghisspeech,heinvitedtheaudiencetoaskquestions.
Reading,thedoorbellrang.(Wasthedoorbellreading?)
---Whilereading,Iheardthedoorbellring.
f.并列结构错误(Faultyparallelism)
并列结构错误就是排比或者并列结构,一般由and,aswellas或者notonly…butalso连接。英语习惯上在排比结构中使用相同的语法格式,如果前面用名词,那么后面的并列结构都使用名词,而如果前面用不定式,则后面也用不定式。如果违反这一规定,写出来的句子就含有并列结构错误,即“有问题的排比结构”。例如:g.累赘(Redundancy)
Hiscoatwasblackincolor.
---Hiscoatwasblack.
Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.
---Inmyopinion,yourplanisfeasible.
---Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.
2)语法错误
a.词性误用(MisuseofPartsofSpeech)
“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等.
例1.Nonecannegativetheimportanceofmoney.
剖析:negative为形容词,误作动词。
改为:Nonecandenytheimportanceofmoney.
b.指代不清(AmbiguousReferenceofPronouns)
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:
Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedhertobeherbridesmaid.
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)
读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedmysistertobeherbridesmaid.例1.Andwecanalsoknowthesocietybyservingityourself.
剖析:句中人称代词we和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为:
Wecanalsoknowsocietybyservingitourselves.
c.不一致(Disagreements)
所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等。例1.Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto.
(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.)
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.
改为:Onceonehasmoney,hecandowhathewants(todo)
d.措词毛病(TroublesinDiction)
Diction是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
例1.Theincreasinguseofchemicalobstaclesinagriculturealsomakespollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)
剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“theincreasinguse(不断增加的使用)”应改为“abusiveuse(滥用)”。
改为:Theabusiveuseofchemicalsubstancesinagriculturealsocauses/leadstopollution.
4、不会运用关联词转承上下句和段落
申小龙认为英语句子是一种空间结构,即英语句子以动词为核心,运用各种连接词组成关系结构板快,前呼后拥,递相叠加。汉语是时间型结构,即汉语句子是按句读逻辑事理铺排。
关联词的使用可使上下句和段落合理衔接,承上启下,使表达合乎逻辑,同时使文章结
构严谨、紧凑。如:
PeoplelearnEnglishtouseit.Somelearnittostudyorworkabroad.OtherslearnittoreadbooksandmagazinesinEnglishorhavesomethingtodowithEnglishspeakingforeigners.
由于两个句子没有使用关联词,便显得不够紧凑。如果适当关联词,这两句可改进为:PeoplelearnEnglishforpracticalpurpose.Somelearnittostudyorworkabroad.WhileotherslearnittoreadorcommunicateinEnglish.
常用连接词
总结关系过渡词语
ingeneral,tosomeextent,inmyview,asforme,asfarasIamconcerned,obviously,inbrief,onthewhole
比较对比关系过渡词语
similarly,onthecontrary,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,otherwise,insharpcontrast,but,however,yet,nevertheless
列举关系过渡词语
asacaseinpoint,suchas,firstofall,tobeginwith,furthermore,besides,inaddition,foronething,foranother
因果关系过渡词语
because(of),since,for,owingto,thanksto,asaresultof,consequently,forthereasonthat,therefore,hence
让步关系过渡词语
although,eventhough,inspiteof,despite
强调关系过渡词语
surely,obviously,particularly,indeed,needletosay,mostimportantofall
递进关系
inaddition,also,moreover,besides,what'smore
时间顺序
immediately,meanwhile,presently,shortly,since,soon,temporarily,while
方式手段
as,asif,theway,by目的关系
sothat,lest,inorderthat